October 2, 2025
Big Book Idea
Written to the Jews, and full of sermons, Matthew presents Jesus as king and shows us he came to fulfill the law.
All these are but the beginning of the birth pains.
1 Jesus left the temple and was going away, when his disciples came to point out to him the buildings of the temple. 2 But he answered them, “You see all these, do you not? Truly, I say to you, there will not be left here one stone upon another that will not be thrown down.”
3 As he sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to him privately, saying, “Tell us, when will these things be, and what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age?” 4 And Jesus answered them, “See that no one leads you astray. 5 For many will come in my name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and they will lead many astray. 6 And you will hear of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not alarmed, for this must take place, but the end is not yet. 7 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom, and there will be famines and earthquakes in various places. 8 All these are but the beginning of the birth pains.
9 Then they will deliver you up to tribulation and put you to death, and you will be hated by all nations for my name's sake. 10 And then many will fall away 1 24:10 Or stumble and betray one another and hate one another. 11 And many false prophets will arise and lead many astray. 12 And because lawlessness will be increased, the love of many will grow cold. 13 But the one who endures to the end will be saved. 14 And this gospel of the kingdom will be proclaimed throughout the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come.
15 So when you see the abomination of desolation spoken of by the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand), 16 then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. 17 Let the one who is on the housetop not go down to take what is in his house, 18 and let the one who is in the field not turn back to take his cloak. 19 And alas for women who are pregnant and for those who are nursing infants in those days! 20 Pray that your flight may not be in winter or on a Sabbath. 21 For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been from the beginning of the world until now, no, and never will be. 22 And if those days had not been cut short, no human being would be saved. But for the sake of the elect those days will be cut short. 23 Then if anyone says to you, ‘Look, here is the Christ!’ or ‘There he is!’ do not believe it. 24 For false christs and false prophets will arise and perform great signs and wonders, so as to lead astray, if possible, even the elect. 25 See, I have told you beforehand. 26 So, if they say to you, ‘Look, he is in the wilderness,’ do not go out. If they say, ‘Look, he is in the inner rooms,’ do not believe it. 27 For as the lightning comes from the east and shines as far as the west, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. 28 Wherever the corpse is, there the vultures will gather.
29 Immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars will fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken. 30 Then will appear in heaven the sign of the Son of Man, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. 31 And he will send out his angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.
32 From the fig tree learn its lesson: as soon as its branch becomes tender and puts out its leaves, you know that summer is near. 33 So also, when you see all these things, you know that he is near, at the very gates. 34 Truly, I say to you, this generation will not pass away until all these things take place. 35 Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will not pass away.
36 But concerning that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, nor the Son, 2 24:36 Some manuscripts omit nor the Son but the Father only. 37 For as were the days of Noah, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. 38 For as in those days before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark, 39 and they were unaware until the flood came and swept them all away, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. 40 Then two men will be in the field; one will be taken and one left. 41 Two women will be grinding at the mill; one will be taken and one left. 42 Therefore, stay awake, for you do not know on what day your Lord is coming. 43 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what part of the night the thief was coming, he would have stayed awake and would not have let his house be broken into. 44 Therefore you also must be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect.
45 Who then is the faithful and wise servant, 3 24:45 Or bondservant; also verses 46, 48, 50 whom his master has set over his household, to give them their food at the proper time? 46 Blessed is that servant whom his master will find so doing when he comes. 47 Truly, I say to you, he will set him over all his possessions. 48 But if that wicked servant says to himself, ‘My master is delayed,’ 49 and begins to beat his fellow servants 4 24:49 Or bondservants and eats and drinks with drunkards, 50 the master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he does not know 51 and will cut him in pieces and put him with the hypocrites. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
1 Then the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins who took their lamps 5 25:1 Or torches and went to meet the bridegroom. 6 25:1 Some manuscripts add and the bride 2 Five of them were foolish, and five were wise. 3 For when the foolish took their lamps, they took no oil with them, 4 but the wise took flasks of oil with their lamps. 5 As the bridegroom was delayed, they all became drowsy and slept. 6 But at midnight there was a cry, ‘Here is the bridegroom! Come out to meet him.’ 7 Then all those virgins rose and trimmed their lamps. 8 And the foolish said to the wise, ‘Give us some of your oil, for our lamps are going out.’ 9 But the wise answered, saying, ‘Since there will not be enough for us and for you, go rather to the dealers and buy for yourselves.’ 10 And while they were going to buy, the bridegroom came, and those who were ready went in with him to the marriage feast, and the door was shut. 11 Afterward the other virgins came also, saying, ‘Lord, lord, open to us.’ 12 But he answered, ‘Truly, I say to you, I do not know you.’ 13 Watch therefore, for you know neither the day nor the hour.
14 For it will be like a man going on a journey, who called his servants 7 25:14 Or bondservants; also verse 19 and entrusted to them his property. 15 To one he gave five talents, 8 25:15 A talent was a monetary unit worth about twenty years' wages for a laborer to another two, to another one, to each according to his ability. Then he went away. 16 He who had received the five talents went at once and traded with them, and he made five talents more. 17 So also he who had the two talents made two talents more. 18 But he who had received the one talent went and dug in the ground and hid his master's money. 19 Now after a long time the master of those servants came and settled accounts with them. 20 And he who had received the five talents came forward, bringing five talents more, saying, ‘Master, you delivered to me five talents; here, I have made five talents more.’ 21 His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful servant. 9 25:21 Or bondservant; also verses 23, 26, 30 You have been faithful over a little; I will set you over much. Enter into the joy of your master.’ 22 And he also who had the two talents came forward, saying, ‘Master, you delivered to me two talents; here, I have made two talents more.’ 23 His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful servant. You have been faithful over a little; I will set you over much. Enter into the joy of your master.’ 24 He also who had received the one talent came forward, saying, ‘Master, I knew you to be a hard man, reaping where you did not sow, and gathering where you scattered no seed, 25 so I was afraid, and I went and hid your talent in the ground. Here, you have what is yours.’ 26 But his master answered him, ‘You wicked and slothful servant! You knew that I reap where I have not sown and gather where I scattered no seed? 27 Then you ought to have invested my money with the bankers, and at my coming I should have received what was my own with interest. 28 So take the talent from him and give it to him who has the ten talents. 29 For to everyone who has will more be given, and he will have an abundance. But from the one who has not, even what he has will be taken away. 30 And cast the worthless servant into the outer darkness. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.’
31 When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit on his glorious throne. 32 Before him will be gathered all the nations, and he will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. 33 And he will place the sheep on his right, but the goats on the left. 34 Then the King will say to those on his right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. 35 For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, 36 I was naked and you clothed me, I was sick and you visited me, I was in prison and you came to me.’ 37 Then the righteous will answer him, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink? 38 And when did we see you a stranger and welcome you, or naked and clothe you? 39 And when did we see you sick or in prison and visit you?’ 40 And the King will answer them, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers, 10 25:40 Or brothers and sisters you did it to me.’
41 Then he will say to those on his left, ‘Depart from me, you cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. 42 For I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty and you gave me no drink, 43 I was a stranger and you did not welcome me, naked and you did not clothe me, sick and in prison and you did not visit me.’ 44 Then they also will answer, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick or in prison, and did not minister to you?’ 45 Then he will answer them, saying, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me.’ 46 And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.”
Matthew was probably written in the late 50s or early 60s A.D. Matthew (also called Levi), the former tax collector who became Jesus’ disciple, is the author. The original audience may have been the church in Antioch of Syria. Its members included Jewish and Gentile Christians.
Matthew tells the story of Jesus of Nazareth, the long-expected Messiah who brought the kingdom of God to earth.
Matthew writes his Gospel to demonstrate that Jesus is the Messiah, that he has the right to the throne of David as Israel’s true King, and that he is the ultimate fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham that his descendants would be a blessing to all the world (1:1; Gen. 12:1–3). Matthew seeks to encourage Jewish Christians (and all future disciples) to stand strong despite opposition. They should feel secure in the knowledge of their citizenship in God’s kingdom. Matthew shows that Gentiles also can find salvation through Jesus the Messiah.
The events in the book of Matthew take place almost entirely within the vicinity of Palestine, an area extending roughly from Caesarea Philippi in the north to Beersheba in the south. During this time it was ruled by the Roman Empire. The opening chapters describe events surrounding Jesus’ birth in Judea, where Herod had been appointed king by the Romans. The closing chapters end with Jesus’ death, resurrection, and ascension during the rule of Pontius Pilate and the tetrarchs Antipas and Philip.
Showing mercy to the least of our fellow humans around the world (25:40) is the same as caring about Jesus himself. The care we show (or don’t show) to others reveals what is in our heart.
The bankers (25:27) were probably money-changers, who would charge for their services. It was rare for people to have money or treasure to invest, but if they did, they buried it (Josh. 7:21), had a friend or neighbor guard it (Ex. 22:7), or kept it in a temple.
Like a thief in the night. Peter says the return of Christ at the end of time will be unexpected, “like a thief” (3:10). Several other NT passages describe the Lord’s return in this same way (see Matt. 24:43; 1 Thess. 5:2; Rev. 3:3). Christ’s return will be a welcome surprise, however, for his true disciples.
The following chart provides a detailed New Testament timeline. Most of the dates can be determined precisely by correlating biblical events with extensive historical documents and archaeological evidence. Dates with an asterisk denote approximate or alternative dates. The extensive external confirmation of New Testament dates and events encourages great confidence in the truth and historicity of both the Old and New Testaments.
5 B.C.* | Jesus is born in Bethlehem. |
4 B.C. | Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18); Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth (Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee. |
A.D. 6 | Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D. 6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15). |
8* | Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50). |
8*–28/30 | Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt. |
28–29* | John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19). |
28–30* | Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture. |
33 (or 30) | Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2). |
33/34* | Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16). |
34–37 | Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18). |
36 | Pilate loses his position for incompetence. |
36/37* | Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18). |
37–45 | Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21). |
38* | Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10). |
39 | Antipas is exiled. |
40–45* | James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1). |
41–44 | Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John (Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3). |
42–44 | Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7). |
44 | Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23). |
44–46 | Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah. |
44–47* | Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10). |
46–47 | Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26). |
46–48 | Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the Galilean. |
48* | Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28). |
48–49* | Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40). |
48/49–51* | Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia, southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia, notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22). |
49 | Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3). |
49–51* | Paul writes 1–2 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts 18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8). |
51 | Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17). |
50–54* | Peter comes to Rome. |
52–57* | Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17). |
52–55 | Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20). |
53–55* | Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10). |
54 | Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5). |
54–68 | Nero reigns. |
55–56* | Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5). |
57* | Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom. 16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Jerusalem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29). |
57–59 | Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34). |
60 | Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10). |
60–70* | Letter to the Hebrews is written. |
62 | James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus. |
62–63* | Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13). |
62* | Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3, 10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col. 4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts. |
62–64 | Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2 Tim. 1:16–17). |
63–64 | Work on the temple complex is completed. |
64 (July 19) | Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians. |
64–67* | Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2 Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome. |
66 | First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem, son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions. |
67* | Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke 21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother. |
68 | Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors. |
69 | Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become emperor. |
70 (Aug. 30) | Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where they found a school. |
73 (May 2)* | Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide. |
75 | Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23), whom he later abandons because of the scandal. |
77 | Pliny the Elder writes Natural History. |
77–78 | Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome. |
79 | Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies attempting to investigate. |
81 | The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome. |
81–96 | Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his own relatives Clemens and Domitilla. |
85–95* | John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus. |
89–95* | John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus. |
93–94 | Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome. |
94 | Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome. |
95* | Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders. |
95–96* | Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9). |
96–98 | Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution. |
* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or
Parable | Matthew | Mark | Luke |
---|---|---|---|
The Purpose of the Parables | 13:10–17 | 4:10–12 | 8:9–10 |
The Sower | 13:1–9, 18–23 | 4:1–9, 13–20 | 8:4–8, 11–15 |
The Weeds | 13:24–30, 36–43 | 4:26–29 | |
The Mustard Seed | 13:31–32 | 4:30–32 | 13:18–19 |
The Leaven | 13:33 | 13:20–21 | |
The Hidden Treasure | 13:44 | ||
The Pearl of Great Value | 13:45–46 | ||
The Net | 13:47–50 | ||
The Lost Sheep | 18:10–14 | 15:3–7 | |
The Unforgiving Servant | 18:23–35 | ||
The Two Sons | 21:28–32 | ||
The Tenants | 21:33–44 | 12:1–11 | 20:9–18 |
The Wedding Feast | 22:1–14 | 14:16–24 | |
The Ten Virgins | 25:1–13 | ||
The Talents | 25:14–30 | 19:11–27 | |
The Good Samaritan | 10:29–37 | ||
The Rich Fool | 12:16–21 | ||
The Barren Fig Tree | 13:6–9 | ||
The Wedding Feast | 14:7–11 | ||
The Lost Coin | 15:8–10 | ||
The Prodigal Son | 15:11–32 | ||
The Dishonest Manager | 16:1–9 | ||
The Rich Man and Lazarus | 16:19–31 | ||
The Persistent Widow | 18:1–8 | ||
The Pharisee and the Tax Collector | 18:9–14 |
Day | Event | Matthew | Mark | Luke | John |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Friday/Saturday | Jesus arrives in Bethany | 12:1 | |||
Mary anoints Jesus | 12:2–8 | ||||
Crowd comes to see Jesus | 12:9–11 | ||||
Sunday | Triumphal entry into Jerusalem | 21:1–11 | 11:1–10 | 19:28–44 | 12:12–18 |
Some Greeks seek Jesus | 12:20–36 | ||||
Jesus weeps over Jerusalem | 19:41 | ||||
Enters temple | 11:11 | ||||
Returns to Bethany | 21:17 | 11:11 | |||
Monday | Jesus curses the fig tree | 21:18–19 | 11:12–14 | ||
Clears the temple | 21:12–13 | 11:15–17 | 19:45–46 | ||
Returns to Bethany with the Twelve | 11:19 | ||||
Tuesday | Disciples see the withered fig tree on the return to Jerusalem | 21:20–22 | 11:20–21 | ||
Temple controversies in Jerusalem | 21:23–23:39 | 11:27–12:44 | 20:1–21:4 | ||
Olivet Discourse on the return to Bethany | 24:1–25:46 | 13:1–37 | 21:5–36 | ||
Wednesday | Jesus continues daily teaching in the temple | 21:37–38 | |||
Sanhedrin plots to kill Jesus | 26:3–5 | 14:1–2 | 22:1–2 | ||
Wednesday/Thursday | Preparations for the Passover | 26:17–19 | 14:12–16 | 22:7–13 | |
Thursday | Passover meal/Last Supper | 26:20–35 | 14:17–26 | 22:14–30 | |
Upper Room Discourse | 13:1–17:26 | ||||
Jesus prays in Gethsemane | 26:36–46 | 14:32–42 | 22:39–46 | ||
Friday | Betrayal and arrest (after midnight?) | 26:47–56 | 14:43–52 | 22:47–53 | 18:2–12 |
Jewish trial: | |||||
—before Annas | 18:13–24 | ||||
—before Caiaphas and part of the Sanhedrin | 26:57–75 | 14:53–72 | 22:54–65 | 18:19–24 | |
—before full Sanhedrin (after sunrise?) | 27:1–2 | 15:1 | 22:66–71 | ||
Roman trials: | |||||
—before Pilate | 27:2–14 | 15:2–5 | 23:1–5 | ||
—before Herod | 23:6–12 | ||||
—before Pilate | 27:15–26 | 15:6–15 | 23:13–25 | 18:28–19:16 | |
Crucifixion (approx. 9:00 A.M.to 3:00 P.M.) | 27:27–54 | 15:16–39 | 23:26–49 | 19:16–37 | |
Burial (evening) | 27:57–61 | 15:42–47 | 23:50–54 | 19:38–42 | |
Sunday | Empty-tomb witnesses | 28:1–8 | 16:1–8 | 24:1–12 | |
Resurrection appearances | 28:9–20 | 16:9–20 | 24:13–53 | 20:1–21:25 |
Matt. 24:1 left the temple. The road from Jerusalem to Bethany, where Jesus and his disciples are staying, provides a spectacular view of the temple in the distance.
When the Gospels and the book of Acts refer to entering the temple or teaching in the temple, it is often not a reference to Herod’s temple itself, but rather to this temple complex, including a number of courts and chambers that surrounded the temple. These latter structures were the great and wonderful buildings referred to by the disciples in Matt. 24:1; Mark 13:1–2.
Matt. 24:2 Jesus’ prophecy was fulfilled in A.D. 70 when the Roman army destroyed Jerusalem and the temple.
Matt. 24:3 The disciples ask two questions: (1) when will these things be, and (2) what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age? Jesus’ answer apparently combines the destruction of Jerusalem and his second coming. The near event (the destruction of Jerusalem) is a symbol and foreshadowing of the more distant event (the second coming).
Matt. 24:8 Birth pains indicates that there will be a time of suffering prior to the messianic age (compare Rom. 8:22–23). Prophets used the metaphor of birth pains to describe terrible suffering in general (see Isa. 13:8; 42:14; Jer. 30:5–7) as well as specific suffering that Israel will endure prior to her deliverance (see Isa. 26:17–19; Mic. 4:9–10).
Matt. 24:13 end. Either the end of the persecution, when the Son of Man returns (see 10:23), or the end of one’s life. will be saved. Not from physical death (see 24:21–22) but from divine wrath and human persecution. Saved persons will experience the full blessing and peace of salvation when Jesus returns.
Matt. 24:15 Daniel 9:27 tells of the abomination of desolation. Several times in Jewish history, it was thought that this prophecy was being fulfilled. But Jesus clarifies that the complete fulfillment of Daniel’s prophecy will be found in (1) the destruction of the temple in A.D. 70 and (2) the setting up of the image of the Antichrist in the last days (compare 2 Thess. 2:4; Rev. 13:14).
Matt. 24:16 flee to the mountains. During the Jewish revolt (A.D. 67), Jesus’ warning was fulfilled when Christians fled to the mountains of Pella.
The following chart provides a detailed New Testament timeline. Most of the dates can be determined precisely by correlating biblical events with extensive historical documents and archaeological evidence. Dates with an asterisk denote approximate or alternative dates. The extensive external confirmation of New Testament dates and events encourages great confidence in the truth and historicity of both the Old and New Testaments.
5 B.C.* | Jesus is born in Bethlehem. |
4 B.C. | Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18); Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth (Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee. |
A.D. 6 | Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D. 6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15). |
8* | Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50). |
8*–28/30 | Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt. |
28–29* | John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19). |
28–30* | Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture. |
33 (or 30) | Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2). |
33/34* | Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16). |
34–37 | Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18). |
36 | Pilate loses his position for incompetence. |
36/37* | Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18). |
37–45 | Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21). |
38* | Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10). |
39 | Antipas is exiled. |
40–45* | James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1). |
41–44 | Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John (Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3). |
42–44 | Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7). |
44 | Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23). |
44–46 | Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah. |
44–47* | Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10). |
46–47 | Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26). |
46–48 | Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the Galilean. |
48* | Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28). |
48–49* | Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40). |
48/49–51* | Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia, southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia, notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22). |
49 | Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3). |
49–51* | Paul writes 1–2 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts 18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8). |
51 | Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17). |
50–54* | Peter comes to Rome. |
52–57* | Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17). |
52–55 | Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20). |
53–55* | Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10). |
54 | Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5). |
54–68 | Nero reigns. |
55–56* | Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5). |
57* | Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom. 16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Jerusalem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29). |
57–59 | Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34). |
60 | Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10). |
60–70* | Letter to the Hebrews is written. |
62 | James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus. |
62–63* | Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13). |
62* | Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3, 10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col. 4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts. |
62–64 | Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2 Tim. 1:16–17). |
63–64 | Work on the temple complex is completed. |
64 (July 19) | Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians. |
64–67* | Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2 Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome. |
66 | First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem, son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions. |
67* | Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke 21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother. |
68 | Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors. |
69 | Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become emperor. |
70 (Aug. 30) | Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where they found a school. |
73 (May 2)* | Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide. |
75 | Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23), whom he later abandons because of the scandal. |
77 | Pliny the Elder writes Natural History. |
77–78 | Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome. |
79 | Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies attempting to investigate. |
81 | The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome. |
81–96 | Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his own relatives Clemens and Domitilla. |
85–95* | John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus. |
89–95* | John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus. |
93–94 | Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome. |
94 | Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome. |
95* | Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders. |
95–96* | Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9). |
96–98 | Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution. |
* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or
Matt. 24:22 if those days had not been cut short, no human being would be saved. Some suggest this means that, if God’s wrath against sin were to continue unchecked, no one would survive the destruction. Others see a reference to a cutting short of either the seventieth “seven” (week) of Dan. 9:27 or the 42 months of Rev. 11:2. The elect includes all those who follow Christ during this predicted time of suffering (see Matt. 24:24, 31).
Matt. 24:28 Wherever the corpse is, there the vultures will gather. Just as people from far away can see vultures circling high in the air, Christ’s return in judgment will be visible and inescapable. The vultures may suggest the widespread death that will accompany Christ’s return to judge unbelievers.
Matt. 24:29 sun . . . moon . . . stars . . . powers. Some consider this to be entirely literal language (as in Ex. 10:21–23 and Matt. 27:45). Others take it as a mixture of literal and poetic language. Still others take it as entirely poetic, representing political judgment on nations and governments (compare Isa. 13:10; 34:4; Ezek. 32:7). The idea of the stars falling and the heavens being rolled up is mentioned elsewhere in the NT (see 2 Pet. 3:10; Rev. 6:13–14). However one interprets these events, it is clear that all creation will be radically transformed at the return of Christ. (See Isa. 65:17; 2 Pet. 3:13; Rev. 21:1.)
Matt. 24:30 sign of the Son of Man. Some suggest that this is a kind of heavenly banner that will open in the heavens as Christ returns in “power and great glory.” Others understand it to be the arrival of the Son of Man himself (see 16:27; 26:64). mourn. Either a sorrow that produces repentance, or a great sadness of regret in light of coming judgment. they will see the Son of Man (see note on 8:20) coming on the clouds of heaven. This recalls Daniel’s prophecy (Dan. 7:13–14) and points to Jesus’ return at the end of the age (see 2 Thess. 1:7–10; Rev. 19:11–16). with power and great glory. Christ will be revealed as the eternal ruler of the kingdom of God (see Dan. 7:13–14).
Matt. 24:31 In both Jewish and Christian writings (Isa. 18:3; 27:13; 1 Cor. 15:51–52; 1 Thess. 4:16), a trumpet call is associated with the Messiah’s arrival.
Matt. 24:34 this generation will not pass away until all these things take place. Several interpretations have been offered as to what “this generation” refers to: (1) the disciples who were alive when Jesus was speaking, with “all these things” referring to the beginning but not the completion of the sufferings described in vv. 4–25; (2) Jesus’ disciples who see the destruction of the temple in A.D. 70 and also those at the end of the age who see the events surrounding the “abomination of desolation” (v. 15); (3) people who display a certain quality, that is, either (a) “this generation of believers” throughout the entire present age, or (b) “this evil generation” that will remain until Christ returns (compare 12:45; Luke 11:29); (4) the “generation” or “race” of the Jewish people, who will not pass away until Christ returns; or (5) the generation that is alive when the final period of great tribulation begins.
Matt. 24:35 my words will not pass away. Jesus’ teaching has divine authority and permanence. It is greater even than heaven and earth.
Matt. 24:36 no one knows, not even . . . the Son, but the Father only. In his life on earth, Jesus learned things as other human beings learn them (see Luke 2:52; Heb. 5:8). Yet Jesus was also fully God. As God, he could know things that only God knows (see John 16:30; 21:17). Here he is apparently speaking in terms of his human nature (see Matt. 4:2; Luke 2:40; John 4:6), not exercising his omniscience.
Matt. 24:40–41 taken . . . left. The description may indicate that one is taken away to final judgment (see v. 39) while the other remains to experience salvation at Christ’s return. Or possibly the one who is taken is among the elect that the Son of Man will “gather . . . from the four winds” (v. 31).
Matt. 24:42 stay awake. On readiness for Christ’s return, see 1 Thess. 5:1–11; 1 Pet. 4:7; 2 Pet. 3:2–18.
Like a thief in the night. Peter says the return of Christ at the end of time will be unexpected, “like a thief” (3:10). Several other NT passages describe the Lord’s return in this same way (see Matt. 24:43; 1 Thess. 5:2; Rev. 3:3). Christ’s return will be a welcome surprise, however, for his true disciples.
Matt. 24:48–51 delayed. The behavior of the wicked servant shows that he is a false disciple (see Gal. 5:19–21) and deserves judgment.
Matt. 25:1 the kingdom of heaven will be like. See notes on 3:2; 13:24. ten virgins. Bridesmaids. bridegroom. As God called himself Israel’s “husband” in the OT (e.g., Isa. 54:4–6), so Jesus pictures himself here as a bridegroom (see Matt. 9:14–15). It was Jewish marriage custom for the groom and his friends to leave his home and go to the home of the bride. The marriage ceremony was conducted there, often at night. The entire wedding party then returned to the groom’s home for a celebration banquet.
The heavily fortified city of Jerusalem lay atop adjacent hills in the mountainous region of Judea. It therefore proved difficult even for the Romans to recapture during the Jewish revolt, although they eventually did so in A.D. 70 after a bitter siege. The oldest portion of Jerusalem, called “the city of David” and “Mount Zion,” lay to the south of the temple, but the city walls in the first century also encompassed the newer Upper City to the west of the temple. To the east, across the Kidron Valley (John 18:1), stood the Mount of Olives (Mark 13:3). To the south of Zion lay the Hinnom Valley. The reconstruction above depicts Jerusalem around A.D. 30, and the general direction of the drawing is looking north.
Matt. 25:3–4 lamps. Large dome-shaped torches, fueled by rags soaked in oil, used for walking outside. oil. With extra containers of oil, the torches could last for several hours.
Matt. 25:11–12 I do not know you. The OT speaks of God “knowing” his chosen people (Jer. 1:5; Hos. 13:5; Amos 3:2). The same theme continues in the NT, where it describes a saving relationship with God through Jesus Christ (Gal. 4:8–9; 2 Tim. 2:19).
Matt. 25:13 you know neither the day nor the hour. See note on 24:42.
Matt. 25:15 talents. See note on 18:24.
Matt. 25:18 dug in the ground. See note on 13:44.
Matt. 25:20–23 Well done, good and faithful servant. What was important was their faithfulness in using their gifts and potential.
Matt. 25:24–25 Master, I knew you to be a hard man. The third servant’s actions result from his misperception of his master.
Matt. 25:27 you ought to have invested my money with the bankers. Israelites were forbidden to charge interest to other Israelites (Deut. 23:19), but they could collect interest from Gentiles (Deut. 23:20).
The bankers (25:27) were probably money-changers, who would charge for their services. It was rare for people to have money or treasure to invest, but if they did, they buried it (Josh. 7:21), had a friend or neighbor guard it (Ex. 22:7), or kept it in a temple.
Matt. 25:29 to everyone who has will more be given. Using one’s God-given abilities wisely and productively is an important part of discipleship. Faithfulness will be rewarded with more opportunities to serve God.
Matt. 25:30 outer darkness . . . weeping and gnashing of teeth. See note on 8:11–12.
Parable | Matthew | Mark | Luke |
---|---|---|---|
The Purpose of the Parables | 13:10–17 | 4:10–12 | 8:9–10 |
The Sower | 13:1–9, 18–23 | 4:1–9, 13–20 | 8:4–8, 11–15 |
The Weeds | 13:24–30, 36–43 | 4:26–29 | |
The Mustard Seed | 13:31–32 | 4:30–32 | 13:18–19 |
The Leaven | 13:33 | 13:20–21 | |
The Hidden Treasure | 13:44 | ||
The Pearl of Great Value | 13:45–46 | ||
The Net | 13:47–50 | ||
The Lost Sheep | 18:10–14 | 15:3–7 | |
The Unforgiving Servant | 18:23–35 | ||
The Two Sons | 21:28–32 | ||
The Tenants | 21:33–44 | 12:1–11 | 20:9–18 |
The Wedding Feast | 22:1–14 | 14:16–24 | |
The Ten Virgins | 25:1–13 | ||
The Talents | 25:14–30 | 19:11–27 | |
The Good Samaritan | 10:29–37 | ||
The Rich Fool | 12:16–21 | ||
The Barren Fig Tree | 13:6–9 | ||
The Wedding Feast | 14:7–11 | ||
The Lost Coin | 15:8–10 | ||
The Prodigal Son | 15:11–32 | ||
The Dishonest Manager | 16:1–9 | ||
The Rich Man and Lazarus | 16:19–31 | ||
The Persistent Widow | 18:1–8 | ||
The Pharisee and the Tax Collector | 18:9–14 |
Matt. 25:31 Son of Man. See note on 8:20. angels with him. See 13:41–42; Rev. 14:17–20. sit on his glorious throne. As both Judge and King (Dan. 7:13–14).
Matt. 25:32 all the nations. Both Jews and Gentiles (see note on 28:19). he will separate people one from another. See 7:21–23; 13:40–43.
Matt. 25:34 blessed by my Father. The blessing to the “sheep” (v. 32) is their inheritance of the Father’s kingdom. They receive this because of their saving relationship with the Father and the Son.
Matt. 25:40 least of these. Those who are most needy among Jesus’ brothers (Jesus’ disciples, but also all believers).
Showing mercy to the least of our fellow humans around the world (25:40) is the same as caring about Jesus himself. The care we show (or don’t show) to others reveals what is in our heart.
Matt. 24:1–25:46 The Delay, Return, and Judgment of the Messiah. These two chapters are often called the “Olivet Discourse” because Jesus “sat on the Mount of Olives” when he spoke these words (24:3). It is the fifth of Jesus’ five major teachings recorded in Matthew. Jesus is speaking to his disciples, giving them a prophetic overview of events to come in the near and distant future.
Matt. 25:41–46 eternal punishment. Some interpreters think this judgment (these will go away) will occur prior to the start of Jesus’ earthly millennial kingdom. They think the “sheep” (v. 33) are those blessed to live under Jesus’ reign. Others think this judgment will come at the end of that time (Rev. 20:11–13).
Day | Event | Matthew | Mark | Luke | John |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Friday/Saturday | Jesus arrives in Bethany | 12:1 | |||
Mary anoints Jesus | 12:2–8 | ||||
Crowd comes to see Jesus | 12:9–11 | ||||
Sunday | Triumphal entry into Jerusalem | 21:1–11 | 11:1–10 | 19:28–44 | 12:12–18 |
Some Greeks seek Jesus | 12:20–36 | ||||
Jesus weeps over Jerusalem | 19:41 | ||||
Enters temple | 11:11 | ||||
Returns to Bethany | 21:17 | 11:11 | |||
Monday | Jesus curses the fig tree | 21:18–19 | 11:12–14 | ||
Clears the temple | 21:12–13 | 11:15–17 | 19:45–46 | ||
Returns to Bethany with the Twelve | 11:19 | ||||
Tuesday | Disciples see the withered fig tree on the return to Jerusalem | 21:20–22 | 11:20–21 | ||
Temple controversies in Jerusalem | 21:23–23:39 | 11:27–12:44 | 20:1–21:4 | ||
Olivet Discourse on the return to Bethany | 24:1–25:46 | 13:1–37 | 21:5–36 | ||
Wednesday | Jesus continues daily teaching in the temple | 21:37–38 | |||
Sanhedrin plots to kill Jesus | 26:3–5 | 14:1–2 | 22:1–2 | ||
Wednesday/Thursday | Preparations for the Passover | 26:17–19 | 14:12–16 | 22:7–13 | |
Thursday | Passover meal/Last Supper | 26:20–35 | 14:17–26 | 22:14–30 | |
Upper Room Discourse | 13:1–17:26 | ||||
Jesus prays in Gethsemane | 26:36–46 | 14:32–42 | 22:39–46 | ||
Friday | Betrayal and arrest (after midnight?) | 26:47–56 | 14:43–52 | 22:47–53 | 18:2–12 |
Jewish trial: | |||||
—before Annas | 18:13–24 | ||||
—before Caiaphas and part of the Sanhedrin | 26:57–75 | 14:53–72 | 22:54–65 | 18:19–24 | |
—before full Sanhedrin (after sunrise?) | 27:1–2 | 15:1 | 22:66–71 | ||
Roman trials: | |||||
—before Pilate | 27:2–14 | 15:2–5 | 23:1–5 | ||
—before Herod | 23:6–12 | ||||
—before Pilate | 27:15–26 | 15:6–15 | 23:13–25 | 18:28–19:16 | |
Crucifixion (approx. 9:00 A.M.to 3:00 P.M.) | 27:27–54 | 15:16–39 | 23:26–49 | 19:16–37 | |
Burial (evening) | 27:57–61 | 15:42–47 | 23:50–54 | 19:38–42 | |
Sunday | Empty-tomb witnesses | 28:1–8 | 16:1–8 | 24:1–12 | |
Resurrection appearances | 28:9–20 | 16:9–20 | 24:13–53 | 20:1–21:25 |
Showing mercy to the least of our fellow humans around the world (25:40) is the same as caring about Jesus himself. The care we show (or don’t show) to others reveals what is in our heart.
I never appreciate the color red as much as when I read the Gospels. The red letters in Matthew 24-25 highlight Jesus' teaching about the end times on the Mount of Olives, causing these chapters to be known as the Olivet Discourse. Jesus is speaking to his disciples about Israel, not the Church, discussing God's future plans for Israel. However, the truths conveyed remain relevant for believers today.
Feeling a bit overwhelmed or confused? Welcome to the club! Apparently, Matthew 24 is one of the most debated chapters in the New Testament.
We find that the disciples asked Jesus about signs of his return and the end of the age. In Matthew 24:6-8, Jesus mentions "wars and rumors of wars," and "famines and earthquakes" (verses 6-7), as signs signaling "the beginning of the birth pains" (verse 8). Jesus compares these ongoing events to labor pains, suggesting more difficulties will follow. For us, through trust in Christ and by the power of the Holy Spirit, we, too, can withstand the various challenges and trials—deception, tribulation, temptations, and persecution—described in this passage. These signs are meant to guide our lives, not to predict specific dates for Christ's return. Remember, "concerning that day and hour no one knows" (verse 36). Jesus compares his arrival to a thief in the night (verses 42-44), emphasizing the need for readiness. As faithful followers, we eagerly await his return. Our lives should reflect our longing for his coming and our heavenly citizenship, as Philippians 3:20 says: "But our citizenship is in heaven, and from it we await a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ."
Jesus concludes the Olivet Discourse with four parables. Shortly after, he was betrayed and crucified for sinners (like me and you). He will return in glory to judge the world, as described in Matthew 24:29-30. He initially came humbly, born in a manger, and he will return triumphantly on the clouds—which fills me with awe. For now, we read his red words in the Gospels and await the promised return of our Savior and King.
This month's memory verse
"I am the vine; you are the branches. Whoever abides in me and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing."
Please explore Watermark's core beliefs on the Second Coming! To take a deeper dive, check out Watermark's full doctrinal statement and read about future things in sections 11 and 12.
1. How should Christ's Second Coming shape our daily actions and thoughts? What does our eagerness to see him say about the condition of our hearts, our priorities, and our passions? And how does this enthusiasm affect the way we talk about him with others?
2. How does Jesus' teaching about the end times in Matthew 24-25 challenge or strengthen your understanding of God's future plans for Israel and the church?
3. How can believers today navigate the various challenges and trials mentioned in Matthew 24 through trust in Christ and by the power of the Holy Spirit? Share practical examples or experiences.
4. Jesus concludes the Olivet Discourse with parables about readiness and stewardship (Matthew 24:45–25:30). What lessons can we draw from these parables for our own lives and responsibilities as followers of Christ today?