October 2, 2025

The Olivet Discourse

Matthew 24-25

Jordyn Miller
Thursday's Devo

October 2, 2025

Thursday's Devo

October 2, 2025

Big Book Idea

Written to the Jews, and full of sermons, Matthew presents Jesus as king and shows us he came to fulfill the law.

Key Verse | Matthew 24:8

All these are but the beginning of the birth pains.

Matthew 24-25

Chapter 24

Jesus Foretells Destruction of the Temple

Jesus left the temple and was going away, when his disciples came to point out to him the buildings of the temple. But he answered them, “You see all these, do you not? Truly, I say to you, there will not be left here one stone upon another that will not be thrown down.”

Signs of the End of the Age

As he sat on the Mount of Olives, the disciples came to him privately, saying, “Tell us, when will these things be, and what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age?” And Jesus answered them, “See that no one leads you astray. For many will come in my name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and they will lead many astray. And you will hear of wars and rumors of wars. See that you are not alarmed, for this must take place, but the end is not yet. For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom, and there will be famines and earthquakes in various places. All these are but the beginning of the birth pains.

Then they will deliver you up to tribulation and put you to death, and you will be hated by all nations for my name's sake. 10 And then many will fall away 1 24:10 Or stumble and betray one another and hate one another. 11 And many false prophets will arise and lead many astray. 12 And because lawlessness will be increased, the love of many will grow cold. 13 But the one who endures to the end will be saved. 14 And this gospel of the kingdom will be proclaimed throughout the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come.

The Abomination of Desolation

15 So when you see the abomination of desolation spoken of by the prophet Daniel, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand), 16 then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. 17 Let the one who is on the housetop not go down to take what is in his house, 18 and let the one who is in the field not turn back to take his cloak. 19 And alas for women who are pregnant and for those who are nursing infants in those days! 20 Pray that your flight may not be in winter or on a Sabbath. 21 For then there will be great tribulation, such as has not been from the beginning of the world until now, no, and never will be. 22 And if those days had not been cut short, no human being would be saved. But for the sake of the elect those days will be cut short. 23 Then if anyone says to you, ‘Look, here is the Christ!’ or ‘There he is!’ do not believe it. 24 For false christs and false prophets will arise and perform great signs and wonders, so as to lead astray, if possible, even the elect. 25 See, I have told you beforehand. 26 So, if they say to you, ‘Look, he is in the wilderness,’ do not go out. If they say, ‘Look, he is in the inner rooms,’ do not believe it. 27 For as the lightning comes from the east and shines as far as the west, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. 28 Wherever the corpse is, there the vultures will gather.

The Coming of the Son of Man

29 Immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars will fall from heaven, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken. 30 Then will appear in heaven the sign of the Son of Man, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. 31 And he will send out his angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather his elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.

The Lesson of the Fig Tree

32 From the fig tree learn its lesson: as soon as its branch becomes tender and puts out its leaves, you know that summer is near. 33 So also, when you see all these things, you know that he is near, at the very gates. 34 Truly, I say to you, this generation will not pass away until all these things take place. 35 Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will not pass away.

No One Knows That Day and Hour

36 But concerning that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, nor the Son, 2 24:36 Some manuscripts omit nor the Son but the Father only. 37 For as were the days of Noah, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. 38 For as in those days before the flood they were eating and drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day when Noah entered the ark, 39 and they were unaware until the flood came and swept them all away, so will be the coming of the Son of Man. 40 Then two men will be in the field; one will be taken and one left. 41 Two women will be grinding at the mill; one will be taken and one left. 42 Therefore, stay awake, for you do not know on what day your Lord is coming. 43 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what part of the night the thief was coming, he would have stayed awake and would not have let his house be broken into. 44 Therefore you also must be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect.

45 Who then is the faithful and wise servant, 3 24:45 Or bondservant; also verses 46, 48, 50 whom his master has set over his household, to give them their food at the proper time? 46 Blessed is that servant whom his master will find so doing when he comes. 47 Truly, I say to you, he will set him over all his possessions. 48 But if that wicked servant says to himself, ‘My master is delayed,’ 49 and begins to beat his fellow servants 4 24:49 Or bondservants and eats and drinks with drunkards, 50 the master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect him and at an hour he does not know 51 and will cut him in pieces and put him with the hypocrites. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.

Chapter 25

The Parable of the Ten Virgins

Then the kingdom of heaven will be like ten virgins who took their lamps 5 25:1 Or torches and went to meet the bridegroom. 6 25:1 Some manuscripts add and the bride Five of them were foolish, and five were wise. For when the foolish took their lamps, they took no oil with them, but the wise took flasks of oil with their lamps. As the bridegroom was delayed, they all became drowsy and slept. But at midnight there was a cry, ‘Here is the bridegroom! Come out to meet him.’ Then all those virgins rose and trimmed their lamps. And the foolish said to the wise, ‘Give us some of your oil, for our lamps are going out.’ But the wise answered, saying, ‘Since there will not be enough for us and for you, go rather to the dealers and buy for yourselves.’ 10 And while they were going to buy, the bridegroom came, and those who were ready went in with him to the marriage feast, and the door was shut. 11 Afterward the other virgins came also, saying, ‘Lord, lord, open to us.’ 12 But he answered, ‘Truly, I say to you, I do not know you.’ 13 Watch therefore, for you know neither the day nor the hour.

The Parable of the Talents

14 For it will be like a man going on a journey, who called his servants 7 25:14 Or bondservants; also verse 19 and entrusted to them his property. 15 To one he gave five talents, 8 25:15 A talent was a monetary unit worth about twenty years' wages for a laborer to another two, to another one, to each according to his ability. Then he went away. 16 He who had received the five talents went at once and traded with them, and he made five talents more. 17 So also he who had the two talents made two talents more. 18 But he who had received the one talent went and dug in the ground and hid his master's money. 19 Now after a long time the master of those servants came and settled accounts with them. 20 And he who had received the five talents came forward, bringing five talents more, saying, ‘Master, you delivered to me five talents; here, I have made five talents more.’ 21 His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful servant. 9 25:21 Or bondservant; also verses 23, 26, 30 You have been faithful over a little; I will set you over much. Enter into the joy of your master.’ 22 And he also who had the two talents came forward, saying, ‘Master, you delivered to me two talents; here, I have made two talents more.’ 23 His master said to him, ‘Well done, good and faithful servant. You have been faithful over a little; I will set you over much. Enter into the joy of your master.’ 24 He also who had received the one talent came forward, saying, ‘Master, I knew you to be a hard man, reaping where you did not sow, and gathering where you scattered no seed, 25 so I was afraid, and I went and hid your talent in the ground. Here, you have what is yours.’ 26 But his master answered him, ‘You wicked and slothful servant! You knew that I reap where I have not sown and gather where I scattered no seed? 27 Then you ought to have invested my money with the bankers, and at my coming I should have received what was my own with interest. 28 So take the talent from him and give it to him who has the ten talents. 29 For to everyone who has will more be given, and he will have an abundance. But from the one who has not, even what he has will be taken away. 30 And cast the worthless servant into the outer darkness. In that place there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.’

The Final Judgment

31 When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit on his glorious throne. 32 Before him will be gathered all the nations, and he will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. 33 And he will place the sheep on his right, but the goats on the left. 34 Then the King will say to those on his right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. 35 For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, I was a stranger and you welcomed me, 36 I was naked and you clothed me, I was sick and you visited me, I was in prison and you came to me.’ 37 Then the righteous will answer him, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink? 38 And when did we see you a stranger and welcome you, or naked and clothe you? 39 And when did we see you sick or in prison and visit you?’ 40 And the King will answer them, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did it to one of the least of these my brothers, 10 25:40 Or brothers and sisters you did it to me.’

41 Then he will say to those on his left, ‘Depart from me, you cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. 42 For I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty and you gave me no drink, 43 I was a stranger and you did not welcome me, naked and you did not clothe me, sick and in prison and you did not visit me.’ 44 Then they also will answer, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick or in prison, and did not minister to you?’ 45 Then he will answer them, saying, ‘Truly, I say to you, as you did not do it to one of the least of these, you did not do it to me.’ 46 And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.”

Footnotes

[1] 24:10 Or stumble
[2] 24:36 Some manuscripts omit nor the Son
[3] 24:45 Or bondservant; also verses 46, 48, 50
[4] 24:49 Or bondservants
[5] 25:1 Or torches
[6] 25:1 Some manuscripts add and the bride
[7] 25:14 Or bondservants; also verse 19
[8] 25:15 A talent was a monetary unit worth about twenty years' wages for a laborer
[9] 25:21 Or bondservant; also verses 23, 26, 30
[10] 25:40 Or brothers and sisters
Table of Contents
Introduction to Matthew

Introduction to Matthew

Timeline

Author, Date, and Recipients

Matthew was probably written in the late 50s or early 60s A.D. Matthew (also called Levi), the former tax collector who became Jesus’ disciple, is the author. The original audience may have been the church in Antioch of Syria. Its members included Jewish and Gentile Christians.

Theme

Matthew tells the story of Jesus of Nazareth, the long-expected Messiah who brought the kingdom of God to earth.

Purpose

Matthew writes his Gospel to demonstrate that Jesus is the Messiah, that he has the right to the throne of David as Israel’s true King, and that he is the ultimate fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham that his descendants would be a blessing to all the world (1:1; Gen. 12:1–3). Matthew seeks to encourage Jewish Christians (and all future disciples) to stand strong despite opposition. They should feel secure in the knowledge of their citizenship in God’s kingdom. Matthew shows that Gentiles also can find salvation through Jesus the Messiah.

Key Themes

  1. Portrait of Jesus (1:1, 23; 2:2; 14:33; 16:16; 18:20; 21:5–9).
  2. The bridge between Old and New Testaments (1:1–17, 22–23; 2:4–5, 15, 17, 23; 5:17–20).
  3. God’s continuing work of salvation within Israel, extended to all the peoples of the earth through the person and work of Christ (10:5–6; 28:19).
  4. The new community of faith (11:28; 16:18–19; 28:19).
  5. The church as built and maintained by Jesus’ continuing presence (16:18; 18:15–20; 22:10; 28:20).
  6. A “great commission” for evangelism and mission (28:19).
  7. Jesus’ five teachings as a manual on discipleship (chs. 5–7; 10; 13; 18–20; 24–25).

Outline

  1. The Arrival of Jesus the Messiah (1:1–2:23)
  2. John the Baptist Prepares for the Messianic Kingdom (3:1–17)
  3. Jesus the Messiah Begins to Advance the Messianic Kingdom (4:1–25)
  4. The Authoritative Message of the Messiah: Kingdom Life for His Disciples (5:1–7:29)
  5. The Authoritative Power of the Messiah: Kingdom Power Demonstrated (8:1–9:38)
  6. The Authoritative Mission of the Messiah’s Messengers (10:1–42)
  7. Opposition to the Messiah Increases (11:1–12:50)
  8. The Messianic Kingdom Revealed in Parables (13:1–53)
  9. The Identity of the Messiah Revealed (13:54–16:20)
  10. The Suffering of the Messiah Revealed (16:21–17:27)
  11. The Community of the Messiah Revealed (18:1–20:34)
  12. The Messiah Asserts His Authority over Jerusalem (21:1–23:39)
  13. The Delay, Return, and Judgment of the Messiah (24:1–25:46)
  14. The Crucified Messiah (26:1–27:66)
  15. The Resurrection and Commission of the Messiah (28:1–20)

The Setting of Matthew

The events in the book of Matthew take place almost entirely within the vicinity of Palestine, an area extending roughly from Caesarea Philippi in the north to Beersheba in the south. During this time it was ruled by the Roman Empire. The opening chapters describe events surrounding Jesus’ birth in Judea, where Herod had been appointed king by the Romans. The closing chapters end with Jesus’ death, resurrection, and ascension during the rule of Pontius Pilate and the tetrarchs Antipas and Philip.

The Setting of Matthew

The Global Message of Matthew

The Global Message of Matthew

Jesus Christ is the climax of the Bible and of all of human history. He brings the whole Old Testament to fulfillment, and he is also the means by which salvation floods out to the nations. Matthew’s Gospel thus has much to say to the global church today as God’s people, comprised of both Jew and Gentile, seek to “make disciples of all nations” (Matt. 28:19).

Matthew and Redemptive History

The purpose of creation was that mankind, made in God’s image as his ruling representatives, might be fruitful and multiply and spread God’s glory throughout the earth. This quest was repeatedly hijacked by sin, however, throughout the Old Testament. After Adam and Eve sinned, Noah was called by God to be fruitful and multiply, thereby assuming the mantle of spreading divine blessing (Gen. 9:1). After Noah ended his life in shame (Gen. 9:20–23), God called Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to carry this mantle (Gen. 12:1–3; 15:5; 17:2; 22:17–18; 28:14; 35:11). Yet they too proved to be sinners, and unequal to the task. The nation of Israel, led by Moses, was also called to be fruitful and multiply (Deut. 6:3; 7:13), but it too failed in this worldwide mandate.

But at what proved to be the center of human history, God sent a Second Adam, a new Moses, a true Israel, to spread divine glory throughout the earth. This was Jesus Christ. He was called God’s “Son” just as Adam and Israel had been called God’s “son” (Luke 3:38; Ex. 4:22–23). This, however, was the personally divine Son of God, now incarnate, who gloriously succeeded in his mission. Indeed, he was the perfect prophet, priest, and king who succeeded where all the previous prophets, priests, and kings had failed. As he tells the story of this second Adam, Matthew connects his Gospel account to the Old Testament more frequently and more explicitly than any other Gospel writer. He repeatedly sees Jesus as the one who “fulfills” the promises of the Old Testament (e.g., Matt. 4:14–16; 8:17; 12:17–21; 26:54, 56; 27:9). And beyond explicit connections of Jesus to individual promises of the Old Testament, Matthew structures his whole Gospel in this way. Jesus gives five extended discourses, for example, echoing the five books of Moses—with whom Jesus also explicitly links himself (5:17–48).

In presenting Jesus as the fulfillment of the Old Testament, Matthew shows that Jesus is the one through whom God’s original blessings of creation are to spill forth to the world. Perhaps the commission of Genesis 1:28 to be fruitful and multiply throughout the whole earth is in the back of Jesus’ mind in his own commission to his disciples to fruitfully multiply disciples throughout the whole earth (Matt. 28:18–20).

Universal Themes in Matthew

The new family of God. The new community of faith is not defined by lineage from ethnic Israel. Rather, the new community transcends ethnic boundary markers and is defined by trusting faith in the Messiah, the coming king, Jesus. Jesus extends mercy to Gentiles (Matt. 12:18, 21) even as his own Jewish kinsmen are hard-hearted and resistant to the gospel (e.g., 23:1–39). The blessing that was intended to spread to the nations in the Old Testament finds realization in Jesus, who creates a new family of God composed of men and women from every tribe and people group and nation.

The global dimensions of discipleship. “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations” (Matt. 28:18–19). The final charge to his disciples, built on the full authority (28:18) and everlasting presence (28:20) of Jesus, is to make disciples of all nations. The Christian gospel is not for a certain culture or class; it is not a parochial or regional gospel. It is a gospel for all, in fulfillment of God’s original call and promise to Abraham that in him “all the families of the earth shall be blessed” (Gen. 12:3).

The dawning of the kingdom and the coming new earth. Throughout Matthew, Jesus declares that the kingdom of heaven is dawning (Matt. 3:2; 4:17; 10:7; 11:12; 13:44–46). This is a worldwide kingdom, into which all people around the world are invited (24:14). And one day the consummation of this kingdom will be complete: explaining to his disciples what it takes to enter the kingdom of heaven, Jesus expressed the hope of a completely restored new earth, covering the globe as a fully restored and undefileable new Eden: “Truly, I say to you, in the new world, when the Son of Man will sit on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel” (19:28). The Greek word here translated “new world” means “renewal” or “regeneration” (see Titus 3:5, the only other place this word is used in the New Testament). Here it refers to the total rebirth that the cosmos will undergo upon Christ’s return. No corner of creation will go un-restored. In Jesus the kingdom of heaven has dawned, and its final fulfillment is sure.

The Global Message of Matthew for Today

With Jesus, the dawning of the kingdom means that the curse of Genesis 3 has been dealt a decisive blow and the diseased fallenness of the world is beginning to lift. Matthew shows Jesus calming storms, rebuking demons, healing sickness, teaching his disciples, and cleansing the temple, all in fulfillment of Old Testament messianic hopes of a coming deliverer. In all of this, Jesus is ushering in the kingdom of heaven. He is reversing the curse of the fall (Gen. 3:14–19). The world is being restored to the way it was meant to be.

As Christians around the globe find themselves embattled with the effects of the fall—Satanic warfare, political oppression and corruption, economic adversity, dysfunctional family relationships, infant mortality, large-scale hunger, shortage of clean water—we are reminded from Matthew’s Gospel that amid all the darkness, light shines. And this light, though often repressed, must one day encompass the whole earth as Christ returns in final victory over sin, death, and Satan (Rev. 21:1–22:5). In the meantime, it is the church’s privilege to spread the love of Christ not only through word (for the next life) but also through deed (for this life), as the parable of the final judgment makes plain (Matt. 25:31–46).

Above all, global Christians remember the final three chapters of Matthew’s Gospel, in which the entire account climaxes. Here we see Jesus not only defeating Satan by casting demons out of people but defeating Satan by stealing his power of accusation: Jesus bears the punishment his people deserve, so that Satan can no longer accuse them. Here the Lamb of God is forsaken so that his people around the world and down through history, despite their sin, will never be forsaken (Matt. 27:46). Here the temple curtain is torn in two from top to bottom, because the way is now open for God’s people to meet with God openly and boldly—wherever they live, rather than only in Jerusalem (see Acts 1:8).

The kingdom has dawned (Matt. 3:2). The new world is coming (19:28). All authority is Christ’s (28:18). Let us go and make disciples of all nations (28:19).

Matthew Fact #24: The least of

Fact: The least of

Showing mercy to the least of our fellow humans around the world (25:40) is the same as caring about Jesus himself. The care we show (or don’t show) to others reveals what is in our heart.

Matthew Fact #23: Bankers

Fact: Bankers

The bankers (25:27) were probably money-changers, who would charge for their services. It was rare for people to have money or treasure to invest, but if they did, they buried it (Josh. 7:21), had a friend or neighbor guard it (Ex. 22:7), or kept it in a temple.

2 Peter Fact #3: Like a thief in the night

Fact: Like a thief in the night

Like a thief in the night. Peter says the return of Christ at the end of time will be unexpected, “like a thief” (3:10). Several other NT passages describe the Lord’s return in this same way (see Matt. 24:43; 1 Thess. 5:2; Rev. 3:3). Christ’s return will be a welcome surprise, however, for his true disciples.

New Testament Timeline

New Testament Timeline

The following chart provides a detailed New Testament timeline. Most of the dates can be determined precisely by correlating biblical events with extensive historical documents and archaeological evidence. Dates with an asterisk denote approximate or alternative dates. The extensive external confirmation of New Testament dates and events encourages great confidence in the truth and historicity of both the Old and New Testaments.

5 B.C.* Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
4 B.C. Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18); Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth (Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee.
A.D. 6 Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D. 6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15).
8* Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50).
8*–28/30 Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt.
28–29* John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19).
28–30* Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture.
33 (or 30) Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2).
33/34* Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16).
34–37 Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18).
36 Pilate loses his position for incompetence.
36/37* Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18).
37–45 Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21).
38* Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10).
39 Antipas is exiled.
40–45* James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1).
41–44 Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John (Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3).
42–44 Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7).
44 Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23).
44–46 Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah.
44–47* Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10).
46–47 Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26).
46–48 Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the Galilean.
48* Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28).
48–49* Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40).
48/49–51* Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia, southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia, notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22).
49 Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3).
49–51* Paul writes 12 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts 18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8).
51 Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17).
50–54* Peter comes to Rome.
52–57* Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17).
52–55 Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20).
53–55* Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10).
54 Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5).
54–68 Nero reigns.
55–56* Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5).
57* Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom. 16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Je­­ru­salem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29).
57–59 Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34).
60 Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10).
60–70* Letter to the Hebrews is written.
62 James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus.
62–63* Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13).
62* Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3, 10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col. 4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts.
62–64 Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2 Tim. 1:16–17).
63–64 Work on the temple complex is completed.
64 (July 19) Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians.
64–67* Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2 Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome.
66 First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem, son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions.
67* Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke 21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother.
68 Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors.
69 Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become emperor.
70 (Aug. 30) Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where they found a school.
73 (May 2)* Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide.
75 Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23), whom he later abandons because of the scandal.
77 Pliny the Elder writes Natural History.
77–78 Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome.
79 Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies attempting to investigate.
81 The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome.
81–96 Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his own relatives Clemens and Domitilla.
85–95* John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus.
89–95* John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus.
93–94 Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome.
94 Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome.
95* Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders.
95–96* Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9).
96–98 Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution.

* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or

The Parables of Jesus

The Parables of Jesus

Parable Matthew Mark Luke
The Purpose of the Parables 13:10–17 4:10–12 8:9–10
The Sower 13:1–9, 18–23 4:1–9, 13–20 8:4–8, 11–15
The Weeds 13:24–30, 36–43 4:26–29
The Mustard Seed 13:31–32 4:30–32 13:18–19
The Leaven 13:33 13:20–21
The Hidden Treasure 13:44
The Pearl of Great Value 13:45–46
The Net 13:47–50
The Lost Sheep 18:10–14 15:3–7
The Unforgiving Servant 18:23–35
The Two Sons 21:28–32
The Tenants 21:33–44 12:1–11 20:9–18
The Wedding Feast 22:1–14 14:16–24
The Ten Virgins 25:1–13
The Talents 25:14–30 19:11–27
The Good Samaritan 10:29–37
The Rich Fool 12:16–21
The Barren Fig Tree 13:6–9
The Wedding Feast 14:7–11
The Lost Coin 15:8–10
The Prodigal Son 15:11–32
The Dishonest Manager 16:1–9
The Rich Man and Lazarus 16:19–31
The Persistent Widow 18:1–8
The Pharisee and the Tax Collector 18:9–14
Harmony of the Events of Holy Week

Harmony of the Events of Holy Week

Day Event Matthew Mark Luke John
Friday/Saturday Jesus arrives in Bethany       12:1
Mary anoints Jesus       12:2–8
Crowd comes to see Jesus       12:9–11
Sunday Triumphal entry into Jerusalem 21:1–11 11:1–10 19:28–44 12:12–18
Some Greeks seek Jesus       12:20–36
Jesus weeps over Jerusalem     19:41  
Enters temple   11:11    
Returns to Bethany 21:17 11:11    
Monday Jesus curses the fig tree 21:18–19 11:12–14    
Clears the temple 21:12–13 11:15–17 19:45–46  
Returns to Bethany with the Twelve   11:19    
Tuesday Disciples see the withered fig tree on the return to Jerusalem 21:20–22 11:20–21    
Temple controversies in Jerusalem 21:23–23:39 11:27–12:44 20:1–21:4  
Olivet Discourse on the return to Bethany 24:1–25:46 13:1–37 21:5–36  
Wednesday Jesus continues daily teaching in the temple     21:37–38  
Sanhedrin plots to kill Jesus 26:3–5 14:1–2 22:1–2  
Wednesday/Thursday Preparations for the Passover 26:17–19 14:12–16 22:7–13  
Thursday Passover meal/Last Supper 26:20–35 14:17–26 22:14–30  
Upper Room Discourse       13:1–17:26
Jesus prays in Gethsemane 26:36–46 14:32–42 22:39–46  
Friday Betrayal and arrest (after midnight?) 26:47–56 14:43–52 22:47–53 18:2–12
Jewish trial:        
   —before Annas       18:13–24
   —before Caiaphas and part of the Sanhedrin 26:57–75 14:53–72 22:54–65 18:19–24
   —before full Sanhedrin (after sunrise?) 27:1–2 15:1 22:66–71  
Roman trials:        
   —before Pilate 27:2–14 15:2–5 23:1–5  
   —before Herod     23:6–12  
   —before Pilate 27:15–26 15:6–15 23:13–25 18:28–19:16
Crucifixion (approx. 9:00 A.M.to 3:00 P.M.) 27:27–54 15:16–39 23:26–49 19:16–37
Burial (evening) 27:57–61 15:42–47 23:50–54 19:38–42
Sunday Empty-tomb witnesses 28:1–8 16:1–8 24:1–12  
Resurrection appearances 28:9–20 16:9–20 24:13–53 20:1–21:25
Study Notes

Matt. 24:1 left the temple. The road from Jerusalem to Bethany, where Jesus and his disciples are staying, provides a spectacular view of the temple in the distance.

Herod’s Temple Complex in the Time of Jesus

Herod’s Temple Complex in the Time of Jesus

When the Gospels and the book of Acts refer to entering the temple or teaching in the temple, it is often not a reference to Herod’s temple itself, but rather to this temple complex, including a number of courts and chambers that surrounded the temple. These latter structures were the great and wonderful buildings referred to by the disciples in Matt. 24:1; Mark 13:1–2.

Herod’s Temple Complex in the Time of Jesus

Study Notes

Matt. 24:2 Jesus’ prophecy was fulfilled in A.D. 70 when the Roman army destroyed Jerusalem and the temple.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:3 The disciples ask two questions: (1) when will these things be, and (2) what will be the sign of your coming and of the end of the age? Jesus’ answer apparently combines the destruction of Jerusalem and his second coming. The near event (the destruction of Jerusalem) is a symbol and foreshadowing of the more distant event (the second coming).

Study Notes

Matt. 24:8 Birth pains indicates that there will be a time of suffering prior to the messianic age (compare Rom. 8:22–23). Prophets used the metaphor of birth pains to describe terrible suffering in general (see Isa. 13:8; 42:14; Jer. 30:5–7) as well as specific suffering that Israel will endure prior to her deliverance (see Isa. 26:17–19; Mic. 4:9–10).

Study Notes

Matt. 24:13 end. Either the end of the persecution, when the Son of Man returns (see 10:23), or the end of one’s life. will be saved. Not from physical death (see 24:21–22) but from divine wrath and human persecution. Saved persons will experience the full blessing and peace of salvation when Jesus returns.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:15 Daniel 9:27 tells of the abomination of desolation. Several times in Jewish history, it was thought that this prophecy was being fulfilled. But Jesus clarifies that the complete fulfillment of Daniel’s prophecy will be found in (1) the destruction of the temple in A.D. 70 and (2) the setting up of the image of the Antichrist in the last days (compare 2 Thess. 2:4; Rev. 13:14).

Study Notes

Matt. 24:16 flee to the mountains. During the Jewish revolt (A.D. 67), Jesus’ warning was fulfilled when Christians fled to the mountains of Pella.

See chart See chart
New Testament Timeline

New Testament Timeline

The following chart provides a detailed New Testament timeline. Most of the dates can be determined precisely by correlating biblical events with extensive historical documents and archaeological evidence. Dates with an asterisk denote approximate or alternative dates. The extensive external confirmation of New Testament dates and events encourages great confidence in the truth and historicity of both the Old and New Testaments.

5 B.C.* Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
4 B.C. Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18); Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth (Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee.
A.D. 6 Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D. 6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15).
8* Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50).
8*–28/30 Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt.
28–29* John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19).
28–30* Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture.
33 (or 30) Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2).
33/34* Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16).
34–37 Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18).
36 Pilate loses his position for incompetence.
36/37* Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18).
37–45 Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21).
38* Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10).
39 Antipas is exiled.
40–45* James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1).
41–44 Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John (Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3).
42–44 Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7).
44 Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23).
44–46 Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah.
44–47* Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10).
46–47 Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26).
46–48 Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the Galilean.
48* Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28).
48–49* Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40).
48/49–51* Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia, southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia, notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22).
49 Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3).
49–51* Paul writes 12 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts 18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8).
51 Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17).
50–54* Peter comes to Rome.
52–57* Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17).
52–55 Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20).
53–55* Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10).
54 Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5).
54–68 Nero reigns.
55–56* Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5).
57* Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom. 16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Je­­ru­salem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29).
57–59 Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34).
60 Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10).
60–70* Letter to the Hebrews is written.
62 James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus.
62–63* Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13).
62* Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3, 10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col. 4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts.
62–64 Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2 Tim. 1:16–17).
63–64 Work on the temple complex is completed.
64 (July 19) Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians.
64–67* Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2 Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome.
66 First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem, son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions.
67* Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke 21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother.
68 Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors.
69 Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become emperor.
70 (Aug. 30) Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where they found a school.
73 (May 2)* Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide.
75 Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23), whom he later abandons because of the scandal.
77 Pliny the Elder writes Natural History.
77–78 Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome.
79 Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies attempting to investigate.
81 The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome.
81–96 Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his own relatives Clemens and Domitilla.
85–95* John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus.
89–95* John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus.
93–94 Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome.
94 Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome.
95* Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders.
95–96* Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9).
96–98 Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution.

* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or

Study Notes

Matt. 24:22 if those days had not been cut short, no human being would be saved. Some suggest this means that, if God’s wrath against sin were to continue unchecked, no one would survive the destruction. Others see a reference to a cutting short of either the seventieth “seven” (week) of Dan. 9:27 or the 42 months of Rev. 11:2. The elect includes all those who follow Christ during this predicted time of suffering (see Matt. 24:24, 31).

Study Notes

Matt. 24:28 Wherever the corpse is, there the vultures will gather. Just as people from far away can see vultures circling high in the air, Christ’s return in judgment will be visible and inescapable. The vultures may suggest the widespread death that will accompany Christ’s return to judge unbelievers.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:29 sun . . . moon . . . stars . . . powers. Some consider this to be entirely literal language (as in Ex. 10:21–23 and Matt. 27:45). Others take it as a mixture of literal and poetic language. Still others take it as entirely poetic, representing political judgment on nations and governments (compare Isa. 13:10; 34:4; Ezek. 32:7). The idea of the stars falling and the heavens being rolled up is mentioned elsewhere in the NT (see 2 Pet. 3:10; Rev. 6:13–14). However one interprets these events, it is clear that all creation will be radically transformed at the return of Christ. (See Isa. 65:17; 2 Pet. 3:13; Rev. 21:1.)

Study Notes

Matt. 24:30 sign of the Son of Man. Some suggest that this is a kind of heavenly banner that will open in the heavens as Christ returns in “power and great glory.” Others understand it to be the arrival of the Son of Man himself (see 16:27; 26:64). mourn. Either a sorrow that produces repentance, or a great sadness of regret in light of coming judgment. they will see the Son of Man (see note on 8:20) coming on the clouds of heaven. This recalls Daniel’s prophecy (Dan. 7:13–14) and points to Jesus’ return at the end of the age (see 2 Thess. 1:7–10; Rev. 19:11–16). with power and great glory. Christ will be revealed as the eternal ruler of the kingdom of God (see Dan. 7:13–14).

Study Notes

Matt. 24:31 In both Jewish and Christian writings (Isa. 18:3; 27:13; 1 Cor. 15:51–52; 1 Thess. 4:16), a trumpet call is associated with the Messiah’s arrival.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:34 this generation will not pass away until all these things take place. Several interpretations have been offered as to what “this generation” refers to: (1) the disciples who were alive when Jesus was speaking, with “all these things” referring to the beginning but not the completion of the sufferings described in vv. 4–25; (2) Jesus’ disciples who see the destruction of the temple in A.D. 70 and also those at the end of the age who see the events surrounding the “abomination of desolation” (v. 15); (3) people who display a certain quality, that is, either (a) “this generation of believers” throughout the entire present age, or (b) “this evil generation” that will remain until Christ returns (compare 12:45; Luke 11:29); (4) the “generation” or “race” of the Jewish people, who will not pass away until Christ returns; or (5) the generation that is alive when the final period of great tribulation begins.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:35 my words will not pass away. Jesus’ teaching has divine authority and permanence. It is greater even than heaven and earth.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:36 no one knows, not even . . . the Son, but the Father only. In his life on earth, Jesus learned things as other human beings learn them (see Luke 2:52; Heb. 5:8). Yet Jesus was also fully God. As God, he could know things that only God knows (see John 16:30; 21:17). Here he is apparently speaking in terms of his human nature (see Matt. 4:2; Luke 2:40; John 4:6), not exercising his omniscience.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:40–41 taken . . . left. The description may indicate that one is taken away to final judgment (see v. 39) while the other remains to experience salvation at Christ’s return. Or possibly the one who is taken is among the elect that the Son of Man will “gather . . . from the four winds” (v. 31).

Study Notes

Matt. 24:42 stay awake. On readiness for Christ’s return, see 1 Thess. 5:1–11; 1 Pet. 4:7; 2 Pet. 3:2–18.

Study Notes
2 Peter Fact #3: Like a thief in the night

Fact: Like a thief in the night

Like a thief in the night. Peter says the return of Christ at the end of time will be unexpected, “like a thief” (3:10). Several other NT passages describe the Lord’s return in this same way (see Matt. 24:43; 1 Thess. 5:2; Rev. 3:3). Christ’s return will be a welcome surprise, however, for his true disciples.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:48–51 delayed. The behavior of the wicked servant shows that he is a false disciple (see Gal. 5:19–21) and deserves judgment.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:1 the kingdom of heaven will be like. See notes on 3:2; 13:24. ten virgins. Bridesmaids. bridegroom. As God called himself Israel’s “husband” in the OT (e.g., Isa. 54:4–6), so Jesus pictures himself here as a bridegroom (see Matt. 9:14–15). It was Jewish marriage custom for the groom and his friends to leave his home and go to the home of the bride. The marriage ceremony was conducted there, often at night. The entire wedding party then returned to the groom’s home for a celebration banquet.

Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus

Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus

The heavily fortified city of Jerusalem lay atop adjacent hills in the mountainous region of Judea. It therefore proved difficult even for the Romans to recapture during the Jewish revolt, although they eventually did so in A.D. 70 after a bitter siege. The oldest portion of Jerusalem, called “the city of David” and “Mount Zion,” lay to the south of the temple, but the city walls in the first century also encompassed the newer Upper City to the west of the temple. To the east, across the Kidron Valley (John 18:1), stood the Mount of Olives (Mark 13:3). To the south of Zion lay the Hinnom Valley. The reconstruction above depicts Jerusalem around A.D. 30, and the general direction of the drawing is looking north.

Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus

Study Notes

Matt. 25:3–4 lamps. Large dome-shaped torches, fueled by rags soaked in oil, used for walking outside. oil. With extra containers of oil, the torches could last for several hours.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:11–12 I do not know you. The OT speaks of God “knowing” his chosen people (Jer. 1:5; Hos. 13:5; Amos 3:2). The same theme continues in the NT, where it describes a saving relationship with God through Jesus Christ (Gal. 4:8–9; 2 Tim. 2:19).

Study Notes

Matt. 25:13 you know neither the day nor the hour. See note on 24:42.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:15 talents. See note on 18:24.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:18 dug in the ground. See note on 13:44.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:20–23 Well done, good and faithful servant. What was important was their faithfulness in using their gifts and potential.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:24–25 Master, I knew you to be a hard man. The third servant’s actions result from his misperception of his master.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:27 you ought to have invested my money with the bankers. Israelites were forbidden to charge interest to other Israelites (Deut. 23:19), but they could collect interest from Gentiles (Deut. 23:20).

Matthew Fact #23: Bankers

Fact: Bankers

The bankers (25:27) were probably money-changers, who would charge for their services. It was rare for people to have money or treasure to invest, but if they did, they buried it (Josh. 7:21), had a friend or neighbor guard it (Ex. 22:7), or kept it in a temple.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:29 to everyone who has will more be given. Using one’s God-given abilities wisely and productively is an important part of discipleship. Faithfulness will be rewarded with more opportunities to serve God.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:30 outer darkness . . . weeping and gnashing of teeth. See note on 8:11–12.

See chart See chart
The Parables of Jesus

The Parables of Jesus

Parable Matthew Mark Luke
The Purpose of the Parables 13:10–17 4:10–12 8:9–10
The Sower 13:1–9, 18–23 4:1–9, 13–20 8:4–8, 11–15
The Weeds 13:24–30, 36–43 4:26–29
The Mustard Seed 13:31–32 4:30–32 13:18–19
The Leaven 13:33 13:20–21
The Hidden Treasure 13:44
The Pearl of Great Value 13:45–46
The Net 13:47–50
The Lost Sheep 18:10–14 15:3–7
The Unforgiving Servant 18:23–35
The Two Sons 21:28–32
The Tenants 21:33–44 12:1–11 20:9–18
The Wedding Feast 22:1–14 14:16–24
The Ten Virgins 25:1–13
The Talents 25:14–30 19:11–27
The Good Samaritan 10:29–37
The Rich Fool 12:16–21
The Barren Fig Tree 13:6–9
The Wedding Feast 14:7–11
The Lost Coin 15:8–10
The Prodigal Son 15:11–32
The Dishonest Manager 16:1–9
The Rich Man and Lazarus 16:19–31
The Persistent Widow 18:1–8
The Pharisee and the Tax Collector 18:9–14
Study Notes

Matt. 25:31 Son of Man. See note on 8:20. angels with him. See 13:41–42; Rev. 14:17–20. sit on his glorious throne. As both Judge and King (Dan. 7:13–14).

Study Notes

Matt. 25:32 all the nations. Both Jews and Gentiles (see note on 28:19). he will separate people one from another. See 7:21–23; 13:40–43.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:34 blessed by my Father. The blessing to the “sheep” (v. 32) is their inheritance of the Father’s kingdom. They receive this because of their saving relationship with the Father and the Son.

Study Notes

Matt. 25:40 least of these. Those who are most needy among Jesus’ brothers (Jesus’ disciples, but also all believers).

Matthew Fact #24: The least of

Fact: The least of

Showing mercy to the least of our fellow humans around the world (25:40) is the same as caring about Jesus himself. The care we show (or don’t show) to others reveals what is in our heart.

Study Notes

Matt. 24:1–25:46 The Delay, Return, and Judgment of the Messiah. These two chapters are often called the “Olivet Discourse” because Jesus “sat on the Mount of Olives” when he spoke these words (24:3). It is the fifth of Jesus’ five major teachings recorded in Matthew. Jesus is speaking to his disciples, giving them a prophetic overview of events to come in the near and distant future.

Matt. 25:41–46 eternal punishment. Some interpreters think this judgment (these will go away) will occur prior to the start of Jesus’ earthly millennial kingdom. They think the “sheep” (v. 33) are those blessed to live under Jesus’ reign. Others think this judgment will come at the end of that time (Rev. 20:11–13).

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Harmony of the Events of Holy Week

Harmony of the Events of Holy Week

Day Event Matthew Mark Luke John
Friday/Saturday Jesus arrives in Bethany       12:1
Mary anoints Jesus       12:2–8
Crowd comes to see Jesus       12:9–11
Sunday Triumphal entry into Jerusalem 21:1–11 11:1–10 19:28–44 12:12–18
Some Greeks seek Jesus       12:20–36
Jesus weeps over Jerusalem     19:41  
Enters temple   11:11    
Returns to Bethany 21:17 11:11    
Monday Jesus curses the fig tree 21:18–19 11:12–14    
Clears the temple 21:12–13 11:15–17 19:45–46  
Returns to Bethany with the Twelve   11:19    
Tuesday Disciples see the withered fig tree on the return to Jerusalem 21:20–22 11:20–21    
Temple controversies in Jerusalem 21:23–23:39 11:27–12:44 20:1–21:4  
Olivet Discourse on the return to Bethany 24:1–25:46 13:1–37 21:5–36  
Wednesday Jesus continues daily teaching in the temple     21:37–38  
Sanhedrin plots to kill Jesus 26:3–5 14:1–2 22:1–2  
Wednesday/Thursday Preparations for the Passover 26:17–19 14:12–16 22:7–13  
Thursday Passover meal/Last Supper 26:20–35 14:17–26 22:14–30  
Upper Room Discourse       13:1–17:26
Jesus prays in Gethsemane 26:36–46 14:32–42 22:39–46  
Friday Betrayal and arrest (after midnight?) 26:47–56 14:43–52 22:47–53 18:2–12
Jewish trial:        
   —before Annas       18:13–24
   —before Caiaphas and part of the Sanhedrin 26:57–75 14:53–72 22:54–65 18:19–24
   —before full Sanhedrin (after sunrise?) 27:1–2 15:1 22:66–71  
Roman trials:        
   —before Pilate 27:2–14 15:2–5 23:1–5  
   —before Herod     23:6–12  
   —before Pilate 27:15–26 15:6–15 23:13–25 18:28–19:16
Crucifixion (approx. 9:00 A.M.to 3:00 P.M.) 27:27–54 15:16–39 23:26–49 19:16–37
Burial (evening) 27:57–61 15:42–47 23:50–54 19:38–42
Sunday Empty-tomb witnesses 28:1–8 16:1–8 24:1–12  
Resurrection appearances 28:9–20 16:9–20 24:13–53 20:1–21:25
Matthew Fact #24: The least of

Fact: The least of

Showing mercy to the least of our fellow humans around the world (25:40) is the same as caring about Jesus himself. The care we show (or don’t show) to others reveals what is in our heart.

S4:236 Matthew 24-25

Listen Now

Dive Deeper | Matthew 24-25

I never appreciate the color red as much as when I read the Gospels. The red letters in Matthew 24-25 highlight Jesus' teaching about the end times on the Mount of Olives, causing these chapters to be known as the Olivet Discourse. Jesus is speaking to his disciples about Israel, not the Church, discussing God's future plans for Israel. However, the truths conveyed remain relevant for believers today.

Feeling a bit overwhelmed or confused? Welcome to the club! Apparently, Matthew 24 is one of the most debated chapters in the New Testament.

We find that the disciples asked Jesus about signs of his return and the end of the age. In Matthew 24:6-8, Jesus mentions "wars and rumors of wars," and "famines and earthquakes" (verses 6-7), as signs signaling "the beginning of the birth pains" (verse 8). Jesus compares these ongoing events to labor pains, suggesting more difficulties will follow. For us, through trust in Christ and by the power of the Holy Spirit, we, too, can withstand the various challenges and trials—deception, tribulation, temptations, and persecution—described in this passage. These signs are meant to guide our lives, not to predict specific dates for Christ's return. Remember, "concerning that day and hour no one knows" (verse 36). Jesus compares his arrival to a thief in the night (verses 42-44), emphasizing the need for readiness. As faithful followers, we eagerly await his return. Our lives should reflect our longing for his coming and our heavenly citizenship, as Philippians 3:20 says: "But our citizenship is in heaven, and from it we await a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ."

Jesus concludes the Olivet Discourse with four parables. Shortly after, he was betrayed and crucified for sinners (like me and you). He will return in glory to judge the world, as described in Matthew 24:29-30. He initially came humbly, born in a manger, and he will return triumphantly on the clouds—which fills me with awe. For now, we read his red words in the Gospels and await the promised return of our Savior and King.

This month's memory verse

"I am the vine; you are the branches. Whoever abides in me and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing."

– John 15:5

Discussion Questions

Please explore Watermark's core beliefs on the Second Coming! To take a deeper dive, check out Watermark's full doctrinal statement and read about future things in sections 11 and 12.

1. How should Christ's Second Coming shape our daily actions and thoughts? What does our eagerness to see him say about the condition of our hearts, our priorities, and our passions? And how does this enthusiasm affect the way we talk about him with others?

2. How does Jesus' teaching about the end times in Matthew 24-25 challenge or strengthen your understanding of God's future plans for Israel and the church? 

3. How can believers today navigate the various challenges and trials mentioned in Matthew 24 through trust in Christ and by the power of the Holy Spirit? Share practical examples or experiences.

4. Jesus concludes the Olivet Discourse with parables about readiness and stewardship (Matthew 24:45–25:30). What lessons can we draw from these parables for our own lives and responsibilities as followers of Christ today?