October 3, 2025
Big Book Idea
Written to the Jews, and full of sermons, Matthew presents Jesus as king and shows us he came to fulfill the law.
Now the betrayer had given them a sign, saying, "The one I will kiss is the man; seize him." And he came up to Jesus at once and said, "Greetings, Rabbi!" And he kissed him.
1 When Jesus had finished all these sayings, he said to his disciples, 2 “You know that after two days the Passover is coming, and the Son of Man will be delivered up to be crucified.”
3 Then the chief priests and the elders of the people gathered in the palace of the high priest, whose name was Caiaphas, 4 and plotted together in order to arrest Jesus by stealth and kill him. 5 But they said, “Not during the feast, lest there be an uproar among the people.”
6 Now when Jesus was at Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, 1 26:6 Leprosy was a term for several skin diseases; see Leviticus 13 7 a woman came up to him with an alabaster flask of very expensive ointment, and she poured it on his head as he reclined at table. 8 And when the disciples saw it, they were indignant, saying, “Why this waste? 9 For this could have been sold for a large sum and given to the poor.” 10 But Jesus, aware of this, said to them, “Why do you trouble the woman? For she has done a beautiful thing to me. 11 For you always have the poor with you, but you will not always have me. 12 In pouring this ointment on my body, she has done it to prepare me for burial. 13 Truly, I say to you, wherever this gospel is proclaimed in the whole world, what she has done will also be told in memory of her.”
14 Then one of the twelve, whose name was Judas Iscariot, went to the chief priests 15 and said, “What will you give me if I deliver him over to you?” And they paid him thirty pieces of silver. 16 And from that moment he sought an opportunity to betray him.
17 Now on the first day of Unleavened Bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying, “Where will you have us prepare for you to eat the Passover?” 18 He said, “Go into the city to a certain man and say to him, ‘The Teacher says, My time is at hand. I will keep the Passover at your house with my disciples.’” 19 And the disciples did as Jesus had directed them, and they prepared the Passover.
20 When it was evening, he reclined at table with the twelve. 2 26:20 Some manuscripts add disciples 21 And as they were eating, he said, “Truly, I say to you, one of you will betray me.” 22 And they were very sorrowful and began to say to him one after another, “Is it I, Lord?” 23 He answered, “He who has dipped his hand in the dish with me will betray me. 24 The Son of Man goes as it is written of him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed! It would have been better for that man if he had not been born.” 25 Judas, who would betray him, answered, “Is it I, Rabbi?” He said to him, “You have said so.”
26 Now as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and after blessing it broke it and gave it to the disciples, and said, “Take, eat; this is my body.” 27 And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he gave it to them, saying, “Drink of it, all of you, 28 for this is my blood of the 3 26:28 Some manuscripts insert new covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. 29 I tell you I will not drink again of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom.”
30 And when they had sung a hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives. 31 Then Jesus said to them, “You will all fall away because of me this night. For it is written, ‘I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered.’ 32 But after I am raised up, I will go before you to Galilee.” 33 Peter answered him, “Though they all fall away because of you, I will never fall away.” 34 Jesus said to him, “Truly, I tell you, this very night, before the rooster crows, you will deny me three times.” 35 Peter said to him, “Even if I must die with you, I will not deny you!” And all the disciples said the same.
36 Then Jesus went with them to a place called Gethsemane, and he said to his disciples, “Sit here, while I go over there and pray.” 37 And taking with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, he began to be sorrowful and troubled. 38 Then he said to them, “My soul is very sorrowful, even to death; remain here, and watch 4 26:38 Or keep awake; also verses 40, 41 with me.” 39 And going a little farther he fell on his face and prayed, saying, “My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me; nevertheless, not as I will, but as you will.” 40 And he came to the disciples and found them sleeping. And he said to Peter, “So, could you not watch with me one hour? 41 Watch and pray that you may not enter into temptation. The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.” 42 Again, for the second time, he went away and prayed, “My Father, if this cannot pass unless I drink it, your will be done.” 43 And again he came and found them sleeping, for their eyes were heavy. 44 So, leaving them again, he went away and prayed for the third time, saying the same words again. 45 Then he came to the disciples and said to them, “Sleep and take your rest later on. 5 26:45 Or Are you still sleeping and taking your rest? See, the hour is at hand, and the Son of Man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. 46 Rise, let us be going; see, my betrayer is at hand.”
47 While he was still speaking, Judas came, one of the twelve, and with him a great crowd with swords and clubs, from the chief priests and the elders of the people. 48 Now the betrayer had given them a sign, saying, “The one I will kiss is the man; seize him.” 49 And he came up to Jesus at once and said, “Greetings, Rabbi!” And he kissed him. 50 Jesus said to him, “Friend, do what you came to do.” 6 26:50 Or Friend, why are you here? Then they came up and laid hands on Jesus and seized him. 51 And behold, one of those who were with Jesus stretched out his hand and drew his sword and struck the servant 7 26:51 Or bondservant of the high priest and cut off his ear. 52 Then Jesus said to him, “Put your sword back into its place. For all who take the sword will perish by the sword. 53 Do you think that I cannot appeal to my Father, and he will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels? 54 But how then should the Scriptures be fulfilled, that it must be so?” 55 At that hour Jesus said to the crowds, “Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs to capture me? Day after day I sat in the temple teaching, and you did not seize me. 56 But all this has taken place that the Scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled.” Then all the disciples left him and fled.
57 Then those who had seized Jesus led him to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders had gathered. 58 And Peter was following him at a distance, as far as the courtyard of the high priest, and going inside he sat with the guards to see the end. 59 Now the chief priests and the whole council 8 26:59 Greek Sanhedrin were seeking false testimony against Jesus that they might put him to death, 60 but they found none, though many false witnesses came forward. At last two came forward 61 and said, “This man said, ‘I am able to destroy the temple of God, and to rebuild it in three days.’” 62 And the high priest stood up and said, “Have you no answer to make? What is it that these men testify against you?” 9 26:62 Or Have you no answer to what these men testify against you? 63 But Jesus remained silent. And the high priest said to him, “I adjure you by the living God, tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God.” 64 Jesus said to him, “You have said so. But I tell you, from now on you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of Power and coming on the clouds of heaven.” 65 Then the high priest tore his robes and said, “He has uttered blasphemy. What further witnesses do we need? You have now heard his blasphemy. 66 What is your judgment?” They answered, “He deserves death.” 67 Then they spit in his face and struck him. And some slapped him, 68 saying, “Prophesy to us, you Christ! Who is it that struck you?”
69 Now Peter was sitting outside in the courtyard. And a servant girl came up to him and said, “You also were with Jesus the Galilean.” 70 But he denied it before them all, saying, “I do not know what you mean.” 71 And when he went out to the entrance, another servant girl saw him, and she said to the bystanders, “This man was with Jesus of Nazareth.” 72 And again he denied it with an oath: “I do not know the man.” 73 After a little while the bystanders came up and said to Peter, “Certainly you too are one of them, for your accent betrays you.” 74 Then he began to invoke a curse on himself and to swear, “I do not know the man.” And immediately the rooster crowed. 75 And Peter remembered the saying of Jesus, “Before the rooster crows, you will deny me three times.” And he went out and wept bitterly.
Matthew was probably written in the late 50s or early 60s A.D. Matthew (also called Levi), the former tax collector who became Jesus’ disciple, is the author. The original audience may have been the church in Antioch of Syria. Its members included Jewish and Gentile Christians.
Matthew tells the story of Jesus of Nazareth, the long-expected Messiah who brought the kingdom of God to earth.
Matthew writes his Gospel to demonstrate that Jesus is the Messiah, that he has the right to the throne of David as Israel’s true King, and that he is the ultimate fulfillment of God’s promise to Abraham that his descendants would be a blessing to all the world (1:1; Gen. 12:1–3). Matthew seeks to encourage Jewish Christians (and all future disciples) to stand strong despite opposition. They should feel secure in the knowledge of their citizenship in God’s kingdom. Matthew shows that Gentiles also can find salvation through Jesus the Messiah.
The events in the book of Matthew take place almost entirely within the vicinity of Palestine, an area extending roughly from Caesarea Philippi in the north to Beersheba in the south. During this time it was ruled by the Roman Empire. The opening chapters describe events surrounding Jesus’ birth in Judea, where Herod had been appointed king by the Romans. The closing chapters end with Jesus’ death, resurrection, and ascension during the rule of Pontius Pilate and the tetrarchs Antipas and Philip.
Gethsemane was most likely a garden area among olive tree groves that had an area for pressing the olives into oil. Though the traditional site is now marked by the modern Church of All Nations, many archaeologists believe that a cave located a couple hundred feet north of there is a more likely location.
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
The path from Jesus’ arrest to his crucifixion (part of which is often called the Via Dolorosa, “ Way of Sorrows”) is difficult to retrace with certainty. According to a possible harmony of the Gospel accounts, after the Passover meal Judas led a contingent of soldiers to Gethsemane to arrest Jesus (1). From there Jesus was led to Annas (location unknown), who sent him to his son-in-law Caiaphas, the high priest (2). The Jewish leaders then appealed to the Roman governor Pilate to have Jesus put to death (3). Luke records that Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas (4), who questioned Jesus but returned him to Pilate without rendering any judgment (5). Pilate then sent Jesus to be crucified at Golgotha (6).
Zechariah Text | Content Summary | NT Passages |
---|---|---|
9:9 | the king comes to Zion humble and riding a donkey | Matt. 21:5; John 12:15 |
11:13 | 30 pieces of silver thrown into the house of the Lord | Matt. 27:9 |
12:10 | looking on him whom they have pierced | John 19:37; Rev. 1:7 |
13:7 | the shepherd is struck and the sheep scattered | Matt. 26:31; Mark 14:27 |
Why does the title “LORD of hosts” appear more frequently in Malachi than in any other OT book, and in the time of prophetic books more than during other time periods? In the period of Isaiah, the northern kingdom was overrun and destroyed and the southern kingdom almost destroyed by the “hosts” (armies) of Assyria. God’s people had so few troops that the Assyrian King Sennacherib could mockingly challenge King Hezekiah with the offer of a gift of 2,000 horses if Hezekiah could find enough soldiers to ride them (Isa. 36:8). Similarly, in the period of Jeremiah, the southern kingdom was wiped out by the hosts (armies) of Babylon.
In the postexilic period of Malachi, the postage-stamp-sized Judah, as a tiny province within the vast Persian Empire, had no army of its own. It is precisely in such times, when God’s people are painfully aware of how limited their own resources are, that there is no greater comfort than the fact that the Lord has his invincible heavenly armies standing at the ready. It is like the comfort that Elisha prayed for his servant at Dothan when they were surrounded by the Syrian armies: “‘O LORD, please open his eyes that he may see.’ So the LORD opened the eyes of the young man, and he saw, and behold, the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha” (2 Kings 6:17). Perhaps it is like the comfort felt by Jesus before the cross: “Do you think that I cannot appeal to my Father, and he will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels?” (Matt. 26:53).
The following chart shows the percentages of verses in a book containing at least one occurrence of the phrase, “LORD of hosts” (or related variation):
Malachi | (43.6%) |
Haggai | (31.6%) |
Zechariah | (21.8%) |
Amos | (6.1%) |
Jeremiah | (5.9%) |
Isaiah | (4.7%) |
Nahum | (4.3%) |
Zephaniah | (3.8%) |
Habakkuk | (1.8%) |
Micah | (1.0%) |
2 Samuel | (0.9%) |
Psalms | (0.7%) |
1 Samuel | (0.6%) |
Hosea | (0.5%) |
1 Kings | (0.4%) |
1 Chronicles | (0.3%) |
2 Kings | (0.3%) |
Day | Event | Matthew | Mark | Luke | John |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Friday/Saturday | Jesus arrives in Bethany | 12:1 | |||
Mary anoints Jesus | 12:2–8 | ||||
Crowd comes to see Jesus | 12:9–11 | ||||
Sunday | Triumphal entry into Jerusalem | 21:1–11 | 11:1–10 | 19:28–44 | 12:12–18 |
Some Greeks seek Jesus | 12:20–36 | ||||
Jesus weeps over Jerusalem | 19:41 | ||||
Enters temple | 11:11 | ||||
Returns to Bethany | 21:17 | 11:11 | |||
Monday | Jesus curses the fig tree | 21:18–19 | 11:12–14 | ||
Clears the temple | 21:12–13 | 11:15–17 | 19:45–46 | ||
Returns to Bethany with the Twelve | 11:19 | ||||
Tuesday | Disciples see the withered fig tree on the return to Jerusalem | 21:20–22 | 11:20–21 | ||
Temple controversies in Jerusalem | 21:23–23:39 | 11:27–12:44 | 20:1–21:4 | ||
Olivet Discourse on the return to Bethany | 24:1–25:46 | 13:1–37 | 21:5–36 | ||
Wednesday | Jesus continues daily teaching in the temple | 21:37–38 | |||
Sanhedrin plots to kill Jesus | 26:3–5 | 14:1–2 | 22:1–2 | ||
Wednesday/Thursday | Preparations for the Passover | 26:17–19 | 14:12–16 | 22:7–13 | |
Thursday | Passover meal/Last Supper | 26:20–35 | 14:17–26 | 22:14–30 | |
Upper Room Discourse | 13:1–17:26 | ||||
Jesus prays in Gethsemane | 26:36–46 | 14:32–42 | 22:39–46 | ||
Friday | Betrayal and arrest (after midnight?) | 26:47–56 | 14:43–52 | 22:47–53 | 18:2–12 |
Jewish trial: | |||||
—before Annas | 18:13–24 | ||||
—before Caiaphas and part of the Sanhedrin | 26:57–75 | 14:53–72 | 22:54–65 | 18:19–24 | |
—before full Sanhedrin (after sunrise?) | 27:1–2 | 15:1 | 22:66–71 | ||
Roman trials: | |||||
—before Pilate | 27:2–14 | 15:2–5 | 23:1–5 | ||
—before Herod | 23:6–12 | ||||
—before Pilate | 27:15–26 | 15:6–15 | 23:13–25 | 18:28–19:16 | |
Crucifixion (approx. 9:00 A.M.to 3:00 P.M.) | 27:27–54 | 15:16–39 | 23:26–49 | 19:16–37 | |
Burial (evening) | 27:57–61 | 15:42–47 | 23:50–54 | 19:38–42 | |
Sunday | Empty-tomb witnesses | 28:1–8 | 16:1–8 | 24:1–12 | |
Resurrection appearances | 28:9–20 | 16:9–20 | 24:13–53 | 20:1–21:25 |
Peter and his brother Andrew were from the city of Bethsaida. The two fishermen were the first disciples called by Jesus, and they immediately left everything to follow him. Jesus gave Simon the name Cephas, or Peter, which means “rock” (John 1:42). Peter, James, and John became the close inner circle among the 12 disciples. Always listed first among the Twelve, Peter often served as their spokesman. He was with Jesus during the key events of his ministry, including the Transfiguration. Peter was one of Jesus’ most outspoken and passionate followers, though at times that enthusiasm was misplaced and needed a word of correction from Jesus (Matt. 19:27–30; 26:31–35, 69–75). Peter preached boldly at Pentecost. He was arrested multiple times, and even imprisoned, for preaching in the name of Jesus, but he remained faithful (Acts 12:1–19). Peter wrote the two NT letters that bear his name. He died a martyr in Rome, under Nero. (Matthew 16:13–20)
James and his brother John were fishermen. Together with their father Zebedee, they were mending their nets when Jesus called them to be disciples. Jesus called James and John the “Sons of Thunder” (Mark 3:17; see Luke 9:54). James, along with Peter and John, were the disciples closest to Jesus. They were with the Lord during many of the key moments of his ministry. James was with Jesus at the Transfiguration, where Jesus revealed his divine glory. He was also with Jesus when he healed Jairus’s daughter (Mark 5:37). When Jesus prayed at Gethsemane, he asked James, John, and Peter to share with him the agonizing time of anticipation and sorrow as he faced the cross (Matt. 26:37). James was later executed by Herod, becoming the first apostle to die for his faith (Acts 12:1–3). (Matthew 4:21–22)
Matt. 26:2 The Passover was celebrated annually in remembrance of Israel’s exodus from Egypt (see notes on Exodus 12). Son of Man. See note on Matt. 8:20. This is the fourth time that Jesus predicts his arrest and crucifixion (see 16:21; 17:22–23; 20:17–19).
Matt. 26:3–4 chief priests and the elders of the people. Representatives of the Sanhedrin, the ruling body in Jerusalem, but not the full assembly. palace. The private residence of the high priest. Caiaphas was high priest A.D. 18 to 36. He was the son-in-law of Annas, the previous high priest (see note on John 18:24).
Matt. 26:5 feast. Thousands of pilgrims made the journey to Jerusalem to celebrate Passover. There was much national pride as they recalled their ancestors’ liberation from bondage in Egypt. uproar. Popular uprisings were common, especially during such feasts.
Matt. 26:6 Bethany. See note on 21:17. Jesus had most likely healed Simon the leper. The meal is hosted in Simon’s home. People healed of leprosy were not required to live apart from the general population.
Matt. 26:7 a woman. Identified in John 12:3 as Mary, sister of Martha and Lazarus. expensive ointment. “Pure nard” (see Mark 14:3; John 12:3), a perfume oil used for solemn acts of devotion (see note on Mark 14:3–5).
Matt. 26:9 large sum. The perfume was valued at “more than three hundred denarii” (Mark 14:5), approximately a year’s wages for the average worker.
Matt. 26:6–13 Matthew records this account of Jesus’ anointing at Bethany thematically. John records it chronologically, on Saturday night before Jesus’ triumphal entry (John 12:1–11).
Matt. 26:14 one of the twelve. Judas’s treachery is heightened by the fact that he is one of Jesus’ chosen apostles.
Matt. 26:15–16 thirty pieces of silver. In the OT, this was the penalty paid by the owner of an ox that gored a slave to death (Ex. 21:32). Equivalent to about four months’ wages for a laborer, this meager sum suggests the low esteem in which both Judas and the chief priests held Jesus.
Matt. 26:17 first day of Unleavened Bread. The Festival of Unleavened Bread lasted seven days in the Jewish month of Nisan (late March or early April; see Lev. 23:5–6). prepare for you to eat the Passover. Preparations for the Passover were made on Thursday afternoon. Jesus and the disciples ate the Passover meal after sundown on Thursday evening. Jesus instituted the Lord’s Supper later that evening.
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
Matt. 26:20 reclined at table. In formal dining, the host took the center seat at a U-shaped series of low tables. He was surrounded by the most honored guests on either side. The guests reclined with their heads toward the tables and their feet toward the wall.
Matt. 26:23 He who has dipped his hand in the dish with me. The custom was to take a piece of bread or a piece of meat in bread and dip it into a common bowl of sauce on the table. Each of those around the room had done so. At this point the betrayer could have been any of the Twelve.
Matt. 26:24 as it is written. A reference to the suffering servant prophesies in Isaiah 42–53.
Matt. 26:25 Rabbi. The larger group around the table addresses Jesus as “Lord” (v. 22), but Judas addresses him as “Rabbi,” or “Teacher.” There is no record of Judas ever calling Jesus “Lord.” You have said so is a Greek expression that deflects responsibility back upon the one asking a question (see v. 64).
Matt. 26:26 bread . . . this is my body. Jesus’ physical death fulfills the ceremonies surrounding the Passover lamb and other OT sacrifices. He will become the sacrificial atonement for the people’s sins.
Matt. 26:27 cup. Most likely the third of four cups in the Passover observance—the cup of blessing, or the cup of redemption. It corresponds to God’s third promise in Ex. 6:6.
Matt. 26:28 blood of the covenant. The cup foreshadows the shedding of Jesus’ blood and his absorbing of God’s wrath. This opens the way for the redemption of all peoples through the new covenant relationship with God that was promised to the people of Israel (see Jer. 31:31, 34).
Matt. 26:29 drink it new with you in my Father’s kingdom. The messianic banquet (compare 8:11; Rev. 19:9).
Matt. 26:30 hymn. Perhaps Psalms 113–118, or Psalm 136.
Matt. 26:31 You will all fall away. All the disciples will forsake Jesus and run (v. 56). They will still be his disciples, but they will fail to stand with him against persecution.
Zechariah Text | Content Summary | NT Passages |
---|---|---|
9:9 | the king comes to Zion humble and riding a donkey | Matt. 21:5; John 12:15 |
11:13 | 30 pieces of silver thrown into the house of the Lord | Matt. 27:9 |
12:10 | looking on him whom they have pierced | John 19:37; Rev. 1:7 |
13:7 | the shepherd is struck and the sheep scattered | Matt. 26:31; Mark 14:27 |
Matt. 26:34 rooster crows. Marking the sunrise.
Peter and his brother Andrew were from the city of Bethsaida. The two fishermen were the first disciples called by Jesus, and they immediately left everything to follow him. Jesus gave Simon the name Cephas, or Peter, which means “rock” (John 1:42). Peter, James, and John became the close inner circle among the 12 disciples. Always listed first among the Twelve, Peter often served as their spokesman. He was with Jesus during the key events of his ministry, including the Transfiguration. Peter was one of Jesus’ most outspoken and passionate followers, though at times that enthusiasm was misplaced and needed a word of correction from Jesus (Matt. 19:27–30; 26:31–35, 69–75). Peter preached boldly at Pentecost. He was arrested multiple times, and even imprisoned, for preaching in the name of Jesus, but he remained faithful (Acts 12:1–19). Peter wrote the two NT letters that bear his name. He died a martyr in Rome, under Nero. (Matthew 16:13–20)
Matt. 26:36 Gethsemane means “oil press,” indicating a garden area on the Mount of Olives where olive oil was prepared.
The path from Jesus’ arrest to his crucifixion (part of which is often called the Via Dolorosa, “ Way of Sorrows”) is difficult to retrace with certainty. According to a possible harmony of the Gospel accounts, after the Passover meal Judas led a contingent of soldiers to Gethsemane to arrest Jesus (1). From there Jesus was led to Annas (location unknown), who sent him to his son-in-law Caiaphas, the high priest (2). The Jewish leaders then appealed to the Roman governor Pilate to have Jesus put to death (3). Luke records that Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas (4), who questioned Jesus but returned him to Pilate without rendering any judgment (5). Pilate then sent Jesus to be crucified at Golgotha (6).
Gethsemane was most likely a garden area among olive tree groves that had an area for pressing the olives into oil. Though the traditional site is now marked by the modern Church of All Nations, many archaeologists believe that a cave located a couple hundred feet north of there is a more likely location.
James and his brother John were fishermen. Together with their father Zebedee, they were mending their nets when Jesus called them to be disciples. Jesus called James and John the “Sons of Thunder” (Mark 3:17; see Luke 9:54). James, along with Peter and John, were the disciples closest to Jesus. They were with the Lord during many of the key moments of his ministry. James was with Jesus at the Transfiguration, where Jesus revealed his divine glory. He was also with Jesus when he healed Jairus’s daughter (Mark 5:37). When Jesus prayed at Gethsemane, he asked James, John, and Peter to share with him the agonizing time of anticipation and sorrow as he faced the cross (Matt. 26:37). James was later executed by Herod, becoming the first apostle to die for his faith (Acts 12:1–3). (Matthew 4:21–22)
Matt. 26:39 fell on his face. In this typical posture of complete humility in prayer, Jesus lays his life before his Father. He prepares to accomplish his life’s mission—to bear the sins of the world—which is what this cup signifies. See note on 20:22–23.
Matt. 26:41 Their temptation was to sleep and thus to fail in their responsibility to support Jesus. It may also refer to the temptation to deny Jesus when he is led away to the cross (see vv. 31–35).
Matt. 26:47 one of the twelve. See note on v. 14. The great crowd included Roman soldiers assigned to the temple for security, carrying swords, and temple police and personal guards of the chief priests and Sanhedrin (elders), carrying clubs.
Matt. 26:48 kiss. A customary way for friends in ancient Israel to greet one another now becomes the means of betrayal.
Matt. 26:49 Rabbi. See note on v. 25.
Matt. 26:50 When Jesus addresses Judas as Friend, he uses a word meaning “acquaintance,” rather than a word implying closeness or affection.
Matt. 26:51 one of those who were with Jesus. Simon Peter (see John 18:10–11). servant of the high priest. Malchus (see John 18:10).
Matt. 26:53 twelve legions. 72,000 soldiers. A Roman legion at full strength had 6,000 soldiers.
Why does the title “LORD of hosts” appear more frequently in Malachi than in any other OT book, and in the time of prophetic books more than during other time periods? In the period of Isaiah, the northern kingdom was overrun and destroyed and the southern kingdom almost destroyed by the “hosts” (armies) of Assyria. God’s people had so few troops that the Assyrian King Sennacherib could mockingly challenge King Hezekiah with the offer of a gift of 2,000 horses if Hezekiah could find enough soldiers to ride them (Isa. 36:8). Similarly, in the period of Jeremiah, the southern kingdom was wiped out by the hosts (armies) of Babylon.
In the postexilic period of Malachi, the postage-stamp-sized Judah, as a tiny province within the vast Persian Empire, had no army of its own. It is precisely in such times, when God’s people are painfully aware of how limited their own resources are, that there is no greater comfort than the fact that the Lord has his invincible heavenly armies standing at the ready. It is like the comfort that Elisha prayed for his servant at Dothan when they were surrounded by the Syrian armies: “‘O LORD, please open his eyes that he may see.’ So the LORD opened the eyes of the young man, and he saw, and behold, the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha” (2 Kings 6:17). Perhaps it is like the comfort felt by Jesus before the cross: “Do you think that I cannot appeal to my Father, and he will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels?” (Matt. 26:53).
The following chart shows the percentages of verses in a book containing at least one occurrence of the phrase, “LORD of hosts” (or related variation):
Malachi | (43.6%) |
Haggai | (31.6%) |
Zechariah | (21.8%) |
Amos | (6.1%) |
Jeremiah | (5.9%) |
Isaiah | (4.7%) |
Nahum | (4.3%) |
Zephaniah | (3.8%) |
Habakkuk | (1.8%) |
Micah | (1.0%) |
2 Samuel | (0.9%) |
Psalms | (0.7%) |
1 Samuel | (0.6%) |
Hosea | (0.5%) |
1 Kings | (0.4%) |
1 Chronicles | (0.3%) |
2 Kings | (0.3%) |
Matt. 26:56 Compare Psalm 22; Isaiah 53; Zechariah 12–13.
Matt. 26:57–58 The headquarters of Caiaphas the high priest was likely a mansion, probably on the eastern slope of Jerusalem, overlooking the temple area.
Matt. 26:59 The whole council (the “Sanhedrin”) need not include all 70 members of the highest court of the Jews. It may indicate only those hastily assembled in the middle of the night (23 members made a quorum). The Romans were ultimately in control of all judicial proceedings, but they allowed their subjects some freedom to try their own cases.
Matt. 26:61–62 I am able to destroy the temple of God. Jesus’ opponents misquoted this saying and took it out of context (see John 2:19–21).
Matt. 26:63 Jesus is silent, fulfilling Isa. 53:7 and making his accusers responsible for his death. tell us if you are the Christ. Caiaphas wants Jesus to admit to this charge so that he can be accused of rebellion against Rome and be tried before Pilate.
Matt. 26:64 You have said so. See note on v. 25. Jesus declares that he is not only the human Messiah anticipated by the Jews but also the divine Son of Man (see Dan. 7:13–14; note on Matt. 8:20) who sits at the right hand of God (Ps. 110:1–2).
Matt. 26:65 tore his robes. Such an action was normally prohibited for the high priest (Lev. 10:6; 21:10), but Jesus’ astounding claim causes a strong response. blasphemy. Because Jesus claims divine status as the Son of Man.
Matt. 26:66 If Jesus is lying by claiming to be divine, then indeed he deserves death according to Jewish law (see Lev. 24:10–23). The irony is that he will be executed for telling the truth.
Matt. 26:71–72 oath. See 5:33–37.
Matt. 26:73 All of Jesus’ disciples except Judas were from Galilee. Judeans looked down on Galileans because of their regional accent.
Matt. 26:74 curse . . . swear. Most likely calling upon God’s wrath to strike him if he is lying.
Peter and his brother Andrew were from the city of Bethsaida. The two fishermen were the first disciples called by Jesus, and they immediately left everything to follow him. Jesus gave Simon the name Cephas, or Peter, which means “rock” (John 1:42). Peter, James, and John became the close inner circle among the 12 disciples. Always listed first among the Twelve, Peter often served as their spokesman. He was with Jesus during the key events of his ministry, including the Transfiguration. Peter was one of Jesus’ most outspoken and passionate followers, though at times that enthusiasm was misplaced and needed a word of correction from Jesus (Matt. 19:27–30; 26:31–35, 69–75). Peter preached boldly at Pentecost. He was arrested multiple times, and even imprisoned, for preaching in the name of Jesus, but he remained faithful (Acts 12:1–19). Peter wrote the two NT letters that bear his name. He died a martyr in Rome, under Nero. (Matthew 16:13–20)
At some point, we've all experienced betrayal, whether through someone's deliberate actions or their failure to support us when needed. And the closer that person is to us, the more it hurts, right?
As one of the disciples, Judas was certainly close to Jesus. He was there for Jesus' public and private moments—both when Jesus taught the crowds and performed miracles, and in private when Jesus instructed the disciples and even predicted his own death. The disciples shared meals with Jesus and traveled with him. These men spent a lot of very meaningful and personal time together.
And yet, not only did Judas betray Jesus, he did it with a kiss—a sign of honor, respect, and brotherly love in their culture. It was brazen and hypocritical, to say the least. So, what can we take from this?
A clue is in Jesus' immediate response, "Friend, do what you came to do."
The Greek word for friend used here appears only two other times in the New Testament, both in Matthew's Gospel. In the parable of the workers in the vineyard (Matthew 20), the "friend" is a worker who complains about his wages, resentful that his master paid another worker (who worked fewer hours) the same amount. In the parable of the wedding banquet (Matthew 22), the "friend" attends the wedding feast of the king's son improperly dressed, believing that his clothes (his righteousness, if you will) were good enough for the event. The man in the vineyard was rebuked, and the man at the wedding was thrown out. Whether motivated by money or self-righteousness, these "friends" loved different things and served different gods.
Like these men, Judas wasn't aligned with his master. Despite his proximity to Jesus, Judas didn't trust in, rely upon, or share the same priorities as Jesus. Although Judas was known as "one of the disciples," he was not actually a disciple of Christ.
Appearances can be deceiving. We would do well to heed Jesus' sober warning in Matthew 7:21-23 that simply doing Christian things doesn't make us Christ's disciples.
In whom do you trust?
This month's memory verse
"I am the vine; you are the branches. Whoever abides in me and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing."
1. Where in your life are you knowingly and willfully deceiving yourself?
2. While Judas explicitly betrayed Jesus by identifying him to be arrested, Matthew 26:56 notes that all the disciples deserted him and fled—a more subtle but equally revealing betrayal. In what types of situations are you prone to desert Jesus and flee? How can you gird yourself to resist this temptation?
3. In Matthew 26:6-13, what does the disciples' reaction to the woman "wasting" the expensive perfume reveal about the state of their hearts? In what ways do your interactions with Christ veer towards transactional ("If I do this, you'll do that") rather than relational?