October 24, 2025
Foretells, Foretells, Foretells
Luke 21-22
Susannah Gullette
Big Book Idea
Written to the Greeks, and full of parables, Luke shows Jesus is perfect but also like us.
Key Verse | Luke 21:28
"Now when these things begin to take place, straighten up and raise your heads, because your redemption is drawing near."
Luke 21-22
Chapter 21
The Widow's Offering
1 Jesus 1 21:1 Greek He looked up and saw the rich putting their gifts into the offering box, 2 and he saw a poor widow put in two small copper coins. 2 21:2 Greek two lepta; a lepton was a Jewish bronze or copper coin worth about 1/128 of a denarius (which was a day's wage for a laborer) 3 And he said, “Truly, I tell you, this poor widow has put in more than all of them. 4 For they all contributed out of their abundance, but she out of her poverty put in all she had to live on.”
Jesus Foretells Destruction of the Temple
5 And while some were speaking of the temple, how it was adorned with noble stones and offerings, he said, 6 “As for these things that you see, the days will come when there will not be left here one stone upon another that will not be thrown down.” 7 And they asked him, “Teacher, when will these things be, and what will be the sign when these things are about to take place?” 8 And he said, “See that you are not led astray. For many will come in my name, saying, ‘I am he!’ and, ‘The time is at hand!’ Do not go after them. 9 And when you hear of wars and tumults, do not be terrified, for these things must first take place, but the end will not be at once.”
Jesus Foretells Wars and Persecution
10 Then he said to them, “Nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. 11 There will be great earthquakes, and in various places famines and pestilences. And there will be terrors and great signs from heaven. 12 But before all this they will lay their hands on you and persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues and prisons, and you will be brought before kings and governors for my name's sake. 13 This will be your opportunity to bear witness. 14 Settle it therefore in your minds not to meditate beforehand how to answer, 15 for I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which none of your adversaries will be able to withstand or contradict. 16 You will be delivered up even by parents and brothers 3 21:16 Or parents and brothers and sisters and relatives and friends, and some of you they will put to death. 17 You will be hated by all for my name's sake. 18 But not a hair of your head will perish. 19 By your endurance you will gain your lives.
Jesus Foretells Destruction of Jerusalem
20 But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation has come near. 21 Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, and let those who are inside the city depart, and let not those who are out in the country enter it, 22 for these are days of vengeance, to fulfill all that is written. 23 Alas for women who are pregnant and for those who are nursing infants in those days! For there will be great distress upon the earth and wrath against this people. 24 They will fall by the edge of the sword and be led captive among all nations, and Jerusalem will be trampled underfoot by the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.
The Coming of the Son of Man
25 And there will be signs in sun and moon and stars, and on the earth distress of nations in perplexity because of the roaring of the sea and the waves, 26 people fainting with fear and with foreboding of what is coming on the world. For the powers of the heavens will be shaken. 27 And then they will see the Son of Man coming in a cloud with power and great glory. 28 Now when these things begin to take place, straighten up and raise your heads, because your redemption is drawing near.”
The Lesson of the Fig Tree
29 And he told them a parable: “Look at the fig tree, and all the trees. 30 As soon as they come out in leaf, you see for yourselves and know that the summer is already near. 31 So also, when you see these things taking place, you know that the kingdom of God is near. 32 Truly, I say to you, this generation will not pass away until all has taken place. 33 Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will not pass away.
Watch Yourselves
34 But watch yourselves lest your hearts be weighed down with dissipation and drunkenness and cares of this life, and that day come upon you suddenly like a trap. 35 For it will come upon all who dwell on the face of the whole earth. 36 But stay awake at all times, praying that you may have strength to escape all these things that are going to take place, and to stand before the Son of Man.”
37 And every day he was teaching in the temple, but at night he went out and lodged on the mount called Olivet. 38 And early in the morning all the people came to him in the temple to hear him.
Chapter 22
The Plot to Kill Jesus
1 Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread drew near, which is called the Passover. 2 And the chief priests and the scribes were seeking how to put him to death, for they feared the people.
Judas to Betray Jesus
3 Then Satan entered into Judas called Iscariot, who was of the number of the twelve. 4 He went away and conferred with the chief priests and officers how he might betray him to them. 5 And they were glad, and agreed to give him money. 6 So he consented and sought an opportunity to betray him to them in the absence of a crowd.
The Passover with the Disciples
7 Then came the day of Unleavened Bread, on which the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed. 8 So Jesus 4 22:8 Greek he sent Peter and John, saying, “Go and prepare the Passover for us, that we may eat it.” 9 They said to him, “Where will you have us prepare it?” 10 He said to them, “Behold, when you have entered the city, a man carrying a jar of water will meet you. Follow him into the house that he enters 11 and tell the master of the house, ‘The Teacher says to you, Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?’ 12 And he will show you a large upper room furnished; prepare it there.” 13 And they went and found it just as he had told them, and they prepared the Passover.
Institution of the Lord's Supper
14 And when the hour came, he reclined at table, and the apostles with him. 15 And he said to them, “I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer. 16 For I tell you I will not eat it 5 22:16 Some manuscripts never eat it again until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.” 17 And he took a cup, and when he had given thanks he said, “Take this, and divide it among yourselves. 18 For I tell you that from now on I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.” 19 And he took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” 20 And likewise the cup after they had eaten, saying, “This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood. 6 22:20 Some manuscripts omit, in whole or in part, verses 19b-20 (which is given in my blood) 21 But behold, the hand of him who betrays me is with me on the table. 22 For the Son of Man goes as it has been determined, but woe to that man by whom he is betrayed!” 23 And they began to question one another, which of them it could be who was going to do this.
Who Is the Greatest?
24 A dispute also arose among them, as to which of them was to be regarded as the greatest. 25 And he said to them, “The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them, and those in authority over them are called benefactors. 26 But not so with you. Rather, let the greatest among you become as the youngest, and the leader as one who serves. 27 For who is the greater, one who reclines at table or one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? But I am among you as the one who serves.
28 You are those who have stayed with me in my trials, 29 and I assign to you, as my Father assigned to me, a kingdom, 30 that you may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel.
Jesus Foretells Peter's Denial
31 Simon, Simon, behold, Satan demanded to have you, 7 22:31 The Greek word for you (twice in this verse) is plural; in verse 32, all four instances are singular that he might sift you like wheat, 32 but I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail. And when you have turned again, strengthen your brothers.” 33 Peter 8 22:33 Greek He said to him, “Lord, I am ready to go with you both to prison and to death.” 34 Jesus 9 22:34 Greek He said, “I tell you, Peter, the rooster will not crow this day, until you deny three times that you know me.”
Scripture Must Be Fulfilled in Jesus
35 And he said to them, “When I sent you out with no moneybag or knapsack or sandals, did you lack anything?” They said, “Nothing.” 36 He said to them, “But now let the one who has a moneybag take it, and likewise a knapsack. And let the one who has no sword sell his cloak and buy one. 37 For I tell you that this Scripture must be fulfilled in me: ‘And he was numbered with the transgressors.’ For what is written about me has its fulfillment.” 38 And they said, “Look, Lord, here are two swords.” And he said to them, “It is enough.”
Jesus Prays on the Mount of Olives
39 And he came out and went, as was his custom, to the Mount of Olives, and the disciples followed him. 40 And when he came to the place, he said to them, “Pray that you may not enter into temptation.” 41 And he withdrew from them about a stone's throw, and knelt down and prayed, 42 saying, “Father, if you are willing, remove this cup from me. Nevertheless, not my will, but yours, be done.” 43 And there appeared to him an angel from heaven, strengthening him. 44 And being in agony he prayed more earnestly; and his sweat became like great drops of blood falling down to the ground. 10 22:44 Some manuscripts omit verses 43 and 44 45 And when he rose from prayer, he came to the disciples and found them sleeping for sorrow, 46 and he said to them, “Why are you sleeping? Rise and pray that you may not enter into temptation.”
Betrayal and Arrest of Jesus
47 While he was still speaking, there came a crowd, and the man called Judas, one of the twelve, was leading them. He drew near to Jesus to kiss him, 48 but Jesus said to him, “Judas, would you betray the Son of Man with a kiss?” 49 And when those who were around him saw what would follow, they said, “Lord, shall we strike with the sword?” 50 And one of them struck the servant 11 22:50 Or bondservant of the high priest and cut off his right ear. 51 But Jesus said, “No more of this!” And he touched his ear and healed him. 52 Then Jesus said to the chief priests and officers of the temple and elders, who had come out against him, “Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs? 53 When I was with you day after day in the temple, you did not lay hands on me. But this is your hour, and the power of darkness.”
Peter Denies Jesus
54 Then they seized him and led him away, bringing him into the high priest's house, and Peter was following at a distance. 55 And when they had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard and sat down together, Peter sat down among them. 56 Then a servant girl, seeing him as he sat in the light and looking closely at him, said, “This man also was with him.” 57 But he denied it, saying, “Woman, I do not know him.” 58 And a little later someone else saw him and said, “You also are one of them.” But Peter said, “Man, I am not.” 59 And after an interval of about an hour still another insisted, saying, “Certainly this man also was with him, for he too is a Galilean.” 60 But Peter said, “Man, I do not know what you are talking about.” And immediately, while he was still speaking, the rooster crowed. 61 And the Lord turned and looked at Peter. And Peter remembered the saying of the Lord, how he had said to him, “Before the rooster crows today, you will deny me three times.” 62 And he went out and wept bitterly.
Jesus Is Mocked
63 Now the men who were holding Jesus in custody were mocking him as they beat him. 64 They also blindfolded him and kept asking him, “Prophesy! Who is it that struck you?” 65 And they said many other things against him, blaspheming him.
Jesus Before the Council
66 When day came, the assembly of the elders of the people gathered together, both chief priests and scribes. And they led him away to their council, and they said, 67 “If you are the Christ, tell us.” But he said to them, “If I tell you, you will not believe, 68 and if I ask you, you will not answer. 69 But from now on the Son of Man shall be seated at the right hand of the power of God.” 70 So they all said, “Are you the Son of God, then?” And he said to them, “You say that I am.” 71 Then they said, “What further testimony do we need? We have heard it ourselves from his own lips.”
Footnotes
[1] 21:1 Greek He[2] 21:2 Greek two lepta; a lepton was a Jewish bronze or copper coin worth about 1/128 of a denarius (which was a day's wage for a laborer)
[3] 21:16 Or parents and brothers and sisters
[4] 22:8 Greek he
[5] 22:16 Some manuscripts never eat it again
[6] 22:20 Some manuscripts omit, in whole or in part, verses 19b-20 (which is given . . . in my blood)
[7] 22:31 The Greek word for you (twice in this verse) is plural; in verse 32, all four instances are singular
[8] 22:33 Greek He
[9] 22:34 Greek He
[10] 22:44 Some manuscripts omit verses 43 and 44
[11] 22:50 Or bondservant
Table of Contents
Introduction to Luke
Timeline
Author, Date, and Recipients
Luke was a physician (Col. 4:14) and a travel companion of the apostle Paul. He wrote this Gospel and its sequel, the book of Acts. The earliest possible date of Luke–Acts is immediately after the events that Luke recorded in Acts 28, which would have been c. A.D. 62. Both Luke and Acts are addressed to “Theophilus” (Luke 1:3; Acts 1:1), about whom nothing more is known. Luke’s broader audience consisted primarily of Gentile Christians like Theophilus who had already “been taught” (Luke 1:4) about Jesus.
Theme
The gospel is for all, Jews and Gentiles alike, since Jesus is the promised one of God as prophesied in the OT and as seen in God’s saving activity in Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection. The Christian traditions Luke’s readers have received are true; by believing in Jesus Christ, the Son of God, they will receive the promised Holy Spirit whom he gives to all who follow him.
Purpose
Luke probably had several goals in writing: (1) to assure his readers of the truth of what they had been taught; (2) to help them understand how Israel’s rejection of Jesus and the Gentiles’ entrance into the kingdom of God are part of God’s plan; (3) to clarify that Jesus did not teach that his bodily return would come immediately but that there would be a period between his resurrection and his return; and (4) to emphasize that they need not fear any mere earthly power such as Rome.
Key Themes
- God’s sovereign rule over history (13:33; 22:22, 42).
- The arrival and actual presence (though not yet the completion) of the kingdom of God (11:2; 17:20–21; 21:34–36).
- The coming and presence of the Holy Spirit for Jesus and his followers (1:15–17, 35; 2:25–27; 3:16, 22; 4:1, 18; 24:49).
- The great reversal taking place in the world, in which the first are becoming last and the last are becoming first, the proud are being brought low and the humble are being exalted (1:48; 6:20–26; 13:30; 14:11).
- Believers are to live a life of prayer and practice good stewardship with their possessions (6:12; 9:28–29; 11:1–4; 12:33–34; 18:1; 22:40).
- The danger of riches (6:20–26; 8:14; 12:13–21; 16:10–13, 19–31).
Outline
- The Prologue (1:1–4)
- The Infancy Narrative (1:5–2:52)
- Preparation for the Ministry of Jesus (3:1–4:15)
- The Ministry of Jesus in Galilee (4:16–9:50)
- The Journey to Jerusalem (9:51–19:27)
- The Ministry of Jesus in Jerusalem (19:28–21:38)
- The Suffering and Death of Jesus (22:1–23:56)
- The Resurrection of Jesus (24:1–53)
The Setting of Luke
The events in the book of Luke take place almost entirely within the vicinity of Palestine, an area extending roughly from Caesarea Philippi in the north to Beersheba in the south. During this time it was ruled by the Roman Empire. The opening chapters describe events surrounding Jesus’ birth in Judea, where Herod had been appointed king by the Romans. The closing chapters end with Jesus’ death, resurrection, and ascension during the rule of Pontius Pilate and the tetrarchs Antipas and Philip.
Fact: Temple
The temple mentioned in the Gospels was the second one. The Babylonians destroyed the first temple, which Solomon had built. The Jews rebuilt it, and Herod the Great fully restored it later. Shortly after Jesus’ prophecy (21:6), this temple was destroyed, in A.D. 70.
Fact: Jesus knows us
Jesus knows us. Jesus knew that, in his hour of greatest need, Peter would deny him (22:34). He also knew that Peter would repent and go on to be a great leader in the church (v. 32; see Acts 2:14–41). As Paul declared, “The Lord knows those who are his” (2 Tim. 2:19).
Fact: Take this cup from me
Take this cup from me. Drinking cups were often mentioned in the Bible as symbols of God’s wrath or judgment. For Jesus to figuratively drink from such a cup meant suffering God’s punishment on behalf of sinful people (22:42). This is what he willingly did when he died on the cross.
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see 22:39).
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
Jesus’ Arrest, Trial, and Crucifixion
The path from Jesus’ arrest to his crucifixion (part of which is often called the Via Dolorosa, “Way of Sorrows”) is difficult to retrace with certainty. According to a possible harmony of the Gospel accounts, after the Passover meal Judas led a contingent of soldiers to Gethsemane to arrest Jesus (1). From there Jesus was led to Annas (location unknown), who sent him to his son-in-law Caiaphas, the high priest (2). The Jewish leaders then appealed to the Roman governor Pilate to have Jesus put to death (3). Luke records that Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas (4), who questioned Jesus but returned him to Pilate without rendering any judgment (5). Pilate then sent Jesus to be crucified at Golgotha (6).
New Testament Timeline
The following chart provides a detailed New Testament timeline. Most of the dates can be determined precisely by correlating biblical events with extensive historical documents and archaeological evidence. Dates with an asterisk denote approximate or alternative dates. The extensive external confirmation of New Testament dates and events encourages great confidence in the truth and historicity of both the Old and New Testaments.
| 5 B.C.* | Jesus is born in Bethlehem. |
| 4 B.C. | Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18); Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth (Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee. |
| A.D. 6 | Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D. 6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15). |
| 8* | Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50). |
| 8*–28/30 | Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt. |
| 28–29* | John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19). |
| 28–30* | Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture. |
| 33 (or 30) | Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2). |
| 33/34* | Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16). |
| 34–37 | Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18). |
| 36 | Pilate loses his position for incompetence. |
| 36/37* | Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18). |
| 37–45 | Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21). |
| 38* | Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10). |
| 39 | Antipas is exiled. |
| 40–45* | James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1). |
| 41–44 | Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John (Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3). |
| 42–44 | Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7). |
| 44 | Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23). |
| 44–46 | Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah. |
| 44–47* | Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10). |
| 46–47 | Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26). |
| 46–48 | Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the Galilean. |
| 48* | Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28). |
| 48–49* | Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40). |
| 48/49–51* | Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia, southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia, notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22). |
| 49 | Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3). |
| 49–51* | Paul writes 1–2 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts 18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8). |
| 51 | Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17). |
| 50–54* | Peter comes to Rome. |
| 52–57* | Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17). |
| 52–55 | Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20). |
| 53–55* | Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10). |
| 54 | Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5). |
| 54–68 | Nero reigns. |
| 55–56* | Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5). |
| 57* | Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom. 16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Jerusalem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29). |
| 57–59 | Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34). |
| 60 | Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10). |
| 60–70* | Letter to the Hebrews is written. |
| 62 | James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus. |
| 62–63* | Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13). |
| 62* | Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3, 10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col. 4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts. |
| 62–64 | Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2 Tim. 1:16–17). |
| 63–64 | Work on the temple complex is completed. |
| 64 (July 19) | Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians. |
| 64–67* | Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2 Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome. |
| 66 | First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem, son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions. |
| 67* | Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke 21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother. |
| 68 | Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors. |
| 69 | Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become emperor. |
| 70 (Aug. 30) | Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where they found a school. |
| 73 (May 2)* | Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide. |
| 75 | Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23), whom he later abandons because of the scandal. |
| 77 | Pliny the Elder writes Natural History. |
| 77–78 | Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome. |
| 79 | Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies attempting to investigate. |
| 81 | The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome. |
| 81–96 | Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his own relatives Clemens and Domitilla. |
| 85–95* | John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus. |
| 89–95* | John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus. |
| 93–94 | Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome. |
| 94 | Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome. |
| 95* | Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders. |
| 95–96* | Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9). |
| 96–98 | Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution. |
* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or
Harmony of the Events of Holy Week
| Day | Event | Matthew | Mark | Luke | John |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Friday/Saturday | Jesus arrives in Bethany | 12:1 | |||
| Mary anoints Jesus | 12:2–8 | ||||
| Crowd comes to see Jesus | 12:9–11 | ||||
| Sunday | Triumphal entry into Jerusalem | 21:1–11 | 11:1–10 | 19:28–44 | 12:12–18 |
| Some Greeks seek Jesus | 12:20–36 | ||||
| Jesus weeps over Jerusalem | 19:41 | ||||
| Enters temple | 11:11 | ||||
| Returns to Bethany | 21:17 | 11:11 | |||
| Monday | Jesus curses the fig tree | 21:18–19 | 11:12–14 | ||
| Clears the temple | 21:12–13 | 11:15–17 | 19:45–46 | ||
| Returns to Bethany with the Twelve | 11:19 | ||||
| Tuesday | Disciples see the withered fig tree on the return to Jerusalem | 21:20–22 | 11:20–21 | ||
| Temple controversies in Jerusalem | 21:23–23:39 | 11:27–12:44 | 20:1–21:4 | ||
| Olivet Discourse on the return to Bethany | 24:1–25:46 | 13:1–37 | 21:5–36 | ||
| Wednesday | Jesus continues daily teaching in the temple | 21:37–38 | |||
| Sanhedrin plots to kill Jesus | 26:3–5 | 14:1–2 | 22:1–2 | ||
| Wednesday/Thursday | Preparations for the Passover | 26:17–19 | 14:12–16 | 22:7–13 | |
| Thursday | Passover meal/Last Supper | 26:20–35 | 14:17–26 | 22:14–30 | |
| Upper Room Discourse | 13:1–17:26 | ||||
| Jesus prays in Gethsemane | 26:36–46 | 14:32–42 | 22:39–46 | ||
| Friday | Betrayal and arrest (after midnight?) | 26:47–56 | 14:43–52 | 22:47–53 | 18:2–12 |
| Jewish trial: | |||||
| —before Annas | 18:13–24 | ||||
| —before Caiaphas and part of the Sanhedrin | 26:57–75 | 14:53–72 | 22:54–65 | 18:19–24 | |
| —before full Sanhedrin (after sunrise?) | 27:1–2 | 15:1 | 22:66–71 | ||
| Roman trials: | |||||
| —before Pilate | 27:2–14 | 15:2–5 | 23:1–5 | ||
| —before Herod | 23:6–12 | ||||
| —before Pilate | 27:15–26 | 15:6–15 | 23:13–25 | 18:28–19:16 | |
| Crucifixion (approx. 9:00 A.M.to 3:00 P.M.) | 27:27–54 | 15:16–39 | 23:26–49 | 19:16–37 | |
| Burial (evening) | 27:57–61 | 15:42–47 | 23:50–54 | 19:38–42 | |
| Sunday | Empty-tomb witnesses | 28:1–8 | 16:1–8 | 24:1–12 | |
| Resurrection appearances | 28:9–20 | 16:9–20 | 24:13–53 | 20:1–21:25 |
Luke 21:1–4 offering box. One of the 13 collection chests in the temple.
Luke 21:5–6 how it was adorned. The beauty and size of Herod the Great’s Temple Mount exceeded that of most of the Seven Wonders of the World. It was more than twice the size of the Acropolis in Athens (see Herod’s Temple Complex in the Time of Jesus). It was 0.96 miles (1.55 km) around and enclosed a space equivalent to one-sixth of the entire city. noble stones. One of the stones of the temple complex still remaining measures 45 x 11.5 x 12 feet (13.7 x 3.2 x 4 m) and is estimated to weigh 570 tons. offerings. Tapestries, gold and bronze doors, golden grape clusters, etc. The days will come refers not to the second coming but to a time in history before that (see 5:35; 17:22; 19:43; 23:29). not . . . one stone upon another. Fulfilled in A.D. 70 when Rome destroyed Jerusalem and the temple.
Herod’s Temple Complex in the Time of Jesus
When the Gospels and the book of Acts refer to entering the temple or teaching in the temple, it is often not a reference to Herod’s temple itself, but rather to this temple complex, including a number of courts and chambers that surrounded the temple. These latter structures were the great and wonderful buildings referred to by the disciples in Matt. 24:1; Mark 13:1–2.
Herod’s Temple Complex in the Time of Jesus
When the Gospels and the book of Acts refer to entering the temple or teaching in the temple, it is often not a reference to Herod’s temple itself, but rather to this temple complex, including a number of courts and chambers that surrounded the temple. These latter structures were the great and wonderful buildings referred to by the disciples in Matt. 24:1; Mark 13:1–2.
Luke 21:7–9 when will these things be, and what will be the sign? See notes on Matt. 24:3; Mark 13:4–37. For many introduces what the disciples should not be led astray by. in my name. People claiming the title “Messiah.” These imposters will say I am he, that is, “I am the Messiah,” and therefore the time is at hand! (compare Dan. 7:22; Rev. 1:3; 22:10). Do not go after them, for these pretenders are not Christ himself.
Luke 21:12 before all this. Before the events of vv. 6–11.
Luke 21:14 not to meditate beforehand how to answer. Compare 12:11–12.
Luke 21:16 You will be delivered up even by parents intensifies 12:53; 14:26; 18:29. Some of you suggests that there will be only a few martyrs, but there will be some.
Luke 21:18 In light of the prediction that some disciples will be “put to death” (v. 16), it is best to take not a hair of your head will perish as a metaphorical way of saying that God’s people will suffer no eternal spiritual harm.
Luke 21:19 gain your lives. That is, will be enabled to share in the full benefits of final salvation in the end times; see 9:24.
Luke 21:20 Jerusalem surrounded by armies. The first fulfillment of this was the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Some of what Jesus predicted in vv. 5–24 may also find fulfillment in events that precede Christ’s second coming.
Luke 21:21 Then (while there is still time) . . . flee to the mountains (see note on Matt. 24:16). Those who are inside the city (should) depart before the Roman siege occurs.
Luke 21:22 Days of vengeance refers to God’s vengeance and judgment, not Rome’s. to fulfill all that is written. Compare 18:31; 24:44; Acts 13:29.
New Testament Timeline
The following chart provides a detailed New Testament timeline. Most of the dates can be determined precisely by correlating biblical events with extensive historical documents and archaeological evidence. Dates with an asterisk denote approximate or alternative dates. The extensive external confirmation of New Testament dates and events encourages great confidence in the truth and historicity of both the Old and New Testaments.
| 5 B.C.* | Jesus is born in Bethlehem. |
| 4 B.C. | Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18); Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth (Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee. |
| A.D. 6 | Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D. 6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15). |
| 8* | Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50). |
| 8*–28/30 | Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt. |
| 28–29* | John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19). |
| 28–30* | Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture. |
| 33 (or 30) | Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2). |
| 33/34* | Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16). |
| 34–37 | Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18). |
| 36 | Pilate loses his position for incompetence. |
| 36/37* | Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18). |
| 37–45 | Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21). |
| 38* | Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10). |
| 39 | Antipas is exiled. |
| 40–45* | James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1). |
| 41–44 | Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John (Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3). |
| 42–44 | Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7). |
| 44 | Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23). |
| 44–46 | Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah. |
| 44–47* | Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10). |
| 46–47 | Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26). |
| 46–48 | Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the Galilean. |
| 48* | Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28). |
| 48–49* | Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40). |
| 48/49–51* | Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia, southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia, notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22). |
| 49 | Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3). |
| 49–51* | Paul writes 1–2 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts 18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8). |
| 51 | Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17). |
| 50–54* | Peter comes to Rome. |
| 52–57* | Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17). |
| 52–55 | Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20). |
| 53–55* | Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10). |
| 54 | Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5). |
| 54–68 | Nero reigns. |
| 55–56* | Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5). |
| 57* | Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom. 16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Jerusalem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29). |
| 57–59 | Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34). |
| 60 | Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10). |
| 60–70* | Letter to the Hebrews is written. |
| 62 | James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus. |
| 62–63* | Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13). |
| 62* | Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3, 10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col. 4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts. |
| 62–64 | Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2 Tim. 1:16–17). |
| 63–64 | Work on the temple complex is completed. |
| 64 (July 19) | Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians. |
| 64–67* | Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2 Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome. |
| 66 | First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem, son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions. |
| 67* | Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke 21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother. |
| 68 | Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors. |
| 69 | Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become emperor. |
| 70 (Aug. 30) | Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where they found a school. |
| 73 (May 2)* | Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide. |
| 75 | Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23), whom he later abandons because of the scandal. |
| 77 | Pliny the Elder writes Natural History. |
| 77–78 | Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome. |
| 79 | Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies attempting to investigate. |
| 81 | The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome. |
| 81–96 | Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his own relatives Clemens and Domitilla. |
| 85–95* | John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus. |
| 89–95* | John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus. |
| 93–94 | Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome. |
| 94 | Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome. |
| 95* | Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders. |
| 95–96* | Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9). |
| 96–98 | Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution. |
* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or
Luke 21:23 women who are pregnant and . . . nursing. In war, they are the most vulnerable. What was normally a blessing would now present a great difficulty.
Luke 21:5–24 Jesus foretells the destruction of the temple and Jerusalem (vv. 5–24) and the coming of the Son of Man (vv. 25–38). As is also the case earlier in Luke (17:22; 19:43–44), the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 is used by Jesus as a pattern or a “type” of the ultimate destruction at the end of the age when Christ returns.
Luke 21:20–24 In vv. 8–19 the audience is Jesus’ followers (“you”). Here it is described as “those,” “women,” “this people,” and “they,” indicating that Jesus’ followers are not the ones being directly addressed.
Luke 21:24 the edge of the sword. Compare Jer. 21:7; Heb. 11:37. Until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled may point to a later time when Israel/Jerusalem will repent and be restored to God’s favor (see Rom. 11:11–32).
Luke 21:25–28 Signs in sun and moon and stars and the powers of the heavens will be shaken describes great changes in the skies (see note on Matt. 24:29). they will see. The second coming involves the visible return of the Son of Man from heaven (Acts 1:11; see notes on Matt. 8:20; 24:30). These things . . . take place refers to Luke 21:25–27. Redemption refers to the time of Christ’s return (Rom. 8:23).
Luke 21:31 So also introduces the reality to which the fig tree analogy of vv. 29–30 points. These things refers to the second coming (vv. 25–28). The kingdom of God is near means the consummation of the kingdom (see Introduction: Key Themes), when the Son of Man returns.
Luke 21:32 this generation will not pass away. See note on Matt. 24:34.
Luke 21:33 my words will not pass away. This applies to all of Jesus’ teaching, but specifically to his teaching about the certainty of his return and the events leading up to it.
Luke 21:34 that day. When the Son of Man comes (v. 27) and the kingdom comes in its fullness (v. 31).
Luke 21:35 The warnings of vv. 34 and 36 apply to people throughout the whole earth, not just “those who are in Judea” (v. 21).
Luke 21:36 to escape all these things. That is, to avoid being harmed by the difficult times before Christ’s return.
Luke 19:28–21:38 The Ministry of Jesus in Jerusalem. In this section, Luke’s Gospel is closely parallel to Mark 11:1–13:37.
Fact: Temple
The temple mentioned in the Gospels was the second one. The Babylonians destroyed the first temple, which Solomon had built. The Jews rebuilt it, and Herod the Great fully restored it later. Shortly after Jesus’ prophecy (21:6), this temple was destroyed, in A.D. 70.
Luke 22:1 The Feast of Unleavened Bread spanned the 15th to the 21st of Nisan, the first month in the Jewish calendar (March/April in the Gregorian calendar). See note on Mark 14:12. Passover. See note on Luke 2:41.
Luke 22:3 Judas had never truly believed in Jesus, and Jesus was aware of this (see John 6:64, 70). Apparently none of his other disciples realized it (see note on Luke 22:23). Judas’s pattern of dishonest behavior was evidence of his unbelief (see John 12:6). Now, with the consent of Judas’s own sinful heart, Satan entered into Judas, prompting him to go to the chief priests with a plot against Jesus (Luke 22:4; see also John 13:27).
Luke 22:4–6 officers. Leaders of the temple police (see v. 52). how he might betray him. Judas planned things so that Jesus would be arrested away from the crowd (see v. 53 and note on Mark 14:10–11).
Luke 22:7–13 on which the Passover lamb had to be sacrificed. See note on Matt. 26:17. The Passover meal had to be eaten in Jerusalem (Deut. 16:5–6). Go and prepare involved having the lamb sacrificed at the temple, roasting it, preparing the room for the meal, and preparing various side dishes. The disciples would be met by a man carrying a jar of water—something one would expect a woman to be doing. The secretive nature of the meeting suggests that Jesus was seeking privacy. Everything takes place just as he had told them (compare Luke 19:32), suggesting either a prearrangement or a miraculous work of God.
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see 22:39).
Luke 22:14 when the hour came. The “hour” to celebrate the Passover (v. 15) and, in a broader sense, the “hour” of Jesus’ suffering and death (v. 53; John 13:1; 17:1). he reclined at table. The Passover was eaten in a reclining position, as were other festive meals (Luke 11:37; see note on Matt. 26:20).
Luke 22:16 I will not eat it means “I will not eat it again” (see ESV footnote). Until it is fulfilled refers to the future messianic banquet (see note on Rev. 19:9–10).
Luke 22:17 took a cup. See note on Matt. 26:27.
Luke 22:19 The expression This is my body has been interpreted in various ways throughout the history of the church. Roman Catholics believe that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ. Lutherans believe that the literal body and blood of Christ are present “in, with, and under” the bread and wine. Some Anglicans refer to the “real presence” of Christ in the bread and wine. Most other Protestants believe that the body and blood of Christ are not literally, physically present in the elements of the meal, but that Christ is present symbolically. Most would also add that Christ is present spiritually with and in those who receive the elements in faith. given for you. This same verb is connected to sacrifice in Mark 10:45; Luke 2:24; Gal. 1:4. The Greek translated “for you” often has the meaning of one person doing something in place of someone else. Jesus’ body will take the place of the Passover lamb. God will “pass over” the sins of the people because of Jesus’ sacrifice. Do this in remembrance of me. See note on 1 Cor. 11:24.
Luke 22:20 This cup. See notes on Matt. 26:28; Luke 22:42. New covenant in my blood (see “blood of the covenant,” Ex. 24:8; see also Lev. 17:11–14) indicates that Jesus’ blood is sacrificial blood, sealing a new covenant. Poured out, that is, in death. for you. Compare Mark 14:24; Luke 22:19.
Luke 22:21 the hand of him who betrays me. See note on Matt. 26:23.
Luke 22:22 The approaching death of the Son of Man has been determined by God. However, woe to that man by whom he is betrayed means that Judas is still responsible for his actions (see note on Mark 14:21).
Luke 22:14–23 Luke’s version of Jesus’ final Passover meal with his disciples differs in two ways from Matt. 26:17–29 and Mark 14:17–25. Luke places Jesus’ statement about his betrayal after the meal rather than before (probably an arrangement by topic), and he refers to two cups (Luke 22:17–18, 20) rather than one.
Luke 22:23 which of them it could be. Judas is still present. His behavior, like his previous conduct, apparently did not give him away as the traitor.
Luke 22:24 greatest. Compare Mark 8:34–38.
Luke 22:27 But I. Jesus is the supreme example of humility (John 13:3–17).
Luke 22:30 For eat and drink in the kingdom of God, see 13:29; 14:15. Jesus’ claim that the messianic banquet is my table and that the kingdom of God is my kingdom would be seen as disrespectful if it were not true.
Luke 22:31 Satan demanded to have you (compare Job 1–2), that he might sift you like wheat. “You” is plural in these two instances, indicating that all the disciples are in view, not just Peter. In other words, “Satan is seeking to shake you all violently, as one does wheat, to cause you to fall.”
Luke 22:32 I have prayed . . . that your faith may not fail. “Your” here is singular, so Peter alone is addressed. turned. See Acts 3:19; 9:35.
Fact: Jesus knows us
Jesus knows us. Jesus knew that, in his hour of greatest need, Peter would deny him (22:34). He also knew that Peter would repent and go on to be a great leader in the church (v. 32; see Acts 2:14–41). As Paul declared, “The Lord knows those who are his” (2 Tim. 2:19).
Luke 22:34 rooster . . . crow. Each morning, roosters would crow a number of times separated by a few minutes. In Mark Jesus specifies the first two individual crowings. Matthew, Luke, and John, however, refer to the entire time of several crowings. See note on John 13:38. deny three times. See Luke 22:54–62.
Fact: Jesus knows us
Jesus knows us. Jesus knew that, in his hour of greatest need, Peter would deny him (22:34). He also knew that Peter would repent and go on to be a great leader in the church (v. 32; see Acts 2:14–41). As Paul declared, “The Lord knows those who are his” (2 Tim. 2:19).
Luke 22:35–36 Earlier in his ministry, Jesus sent his disciples out with no moneybag (see 9:3; 10:4). moneybag . . . knapsack. Now, however, they will need extra provisions and supplies. let the one who has no sword . . . buy one. Many interpreters believe this means being armed spiritually to fight spiritual foes (compare Eph. 6:10–17). According to this view: (1) in Luke 22:38 the disciples misunderstand Jesus’ command and produce literal swords; Jesus’ response that “It is enough” is a rebuke, as if he were saying, “Enough of this talk about swords”; (2) just a few minutes later Jesus will again prohibit the use of a literal sword (vv. 49–51). Others take this as a command to have a literal sword for self-defense. According to this view: (1) the moneybag, knapsack, and cloak in this verse are literal, so the sword must be literal as well; (2) Jesus’ response that “It is enough” (v. 38) actually approves the swords the disciples have as being enough, and his later rebuke in vv. 49–51 only prohibits them from blocking his arrest and suffering, that is, from seeking to advance the kingdom of God by force; (3) the very fact that the disciples possess swords (v. 38) suggests that Jesus has not prohibited them from carrying swords up to this point, and Jesus never prohibited self-defense (see note on Matt. 5:39). Both views have some merit.
Luke 22:37 Scripture must be fulfilled. Jesus’ coming suffering and death are a necessary part of God’s plan. he was numbered with the transgressors. See 23:32–33, 39–43; Isa. 53:12.
Luke 22:1–38 As Jesus has his last meal with his disciples, he once again discusses with them his approaching death. Meanwhile, plans are set in motion against him.
Luke 22:38 Lord, here are two swords. See note on vv. 35–36.
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see 22:39).
The Last Supper
After Jesus and his disciples ate the Passover meal, they crossed the Kidron Valley and entered a garden called Gethsemane (meaning “oil press”), where they often spent time while visiting Jerusalem (see Luke 22:39).
Luke 22:40 when he came to the place. Luke assumes his readers knew that “the place” was the garden of Gethsemane. Pray that you may not enter into temptation. The temptation was to give in to physical sleep (see vv. 45–46) and thus fail in their responsibility to support Jesus. It may point also to the temptation to deny Jesus when he is led away to the cross (see vv. 54–62).
Luke 22:41 knelt down. A posture of complete humility in prayer.
Luke 22:42 On Father, see note on Matt. 6:9. this cup. A symbol of Jesus’ future suffering (see Matt. 20:22–23; Mark 10:38–39). Taking the cup shows that Jesus took God’s wrath upon himself (see Isa. 51:17, 22; Jer. 25:15; Ezek. 23:31–33; Hab. 2:16). Jesus died for the sake of and instead of his people (see notes on Mark 14:36; John 18:11; Rom. 3:25; 1 John 2:2). Nevertheless, not my will, but yours, be done. Jesus intentionally, voluntarily, and obediently “endured the cross, despising the shame” (Heb. 12:2).
Fact: Take this cup from me
Take this cup from me. Drinking cups were often mentioned in the Bible as symbols of God’s wrath or judgment. For Jesus to figuratively drink from such a cup meant suffering God’s punishment on behalf of sinful people (22:42). This is what he willingly did when he died on the cross.
Luke 22:44 Jesus was in agony in anticipation of bearing “our sins in his own body on the tree” (1 Pet. 2:24). his sweat became like great drops of blood falling down to the ground. Though the word “like” may indicate that this is a metaphor, there are other accounts of people sweating blood—a condition known as hematidrosis, where extreme anguish or physical strain causes one’s capillary blood vessels to dilate and burst, mixing sweat and blood. In either case, Luke is describing the intensity of Jesus’ emotional and physical trauma.
Luke 22:45 sleeping for sorrow. It had been a long day, and the disciples were emotionally and physically exhausted.
Luke 22:47 kiss. It was customary for a disciple to greet his teacher with a kiss. Here it serves to identify Jesus in the darkness (see Mark 14:44).
Jesus’ Arrest, Trial, and Crucifixion
The path from Jesus’ arrest to his crucifixion (part of which is often called the Via Dolorosa, “Way of Sorrows”) is difficult to retrace with certainty. According to a possible harmony of the Gospel accounts, after the Passover meal Judas led a contingent of soldiers to Gethsemane to arrest Jesus (1). From there Jesus was led to Annas (location unknown), who sent him to his son-in-law Caiaphas, the high priest (2). The Jewish leaders then appealed to the Roman governor Pilate to have Jesus put to death (3). Luke records that Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas (4), who questioned Jesus but returned him to Pilate without rendering any judgment (5). Pilate then sent Jesus to be crucified at Golgotha (6).
Luke 22:49–51 what would follow. Jesus’ arrest. shall we strike with the sword? Swords were commonly worn for protection against thieves.
Luke 22:50–51 cut off his right ear. See note on John 18:10. That Jesus touched and healed him is recorded only in Luke.
Luke 22:52 chief priests . . . elders. They are acting as a group. The “chief priests” are not the high priests but members of the most prominent priestly families. officers of the temple. Leaders of the temple police.
Luke 22:54 high priest’s house. The home of Caiaphas (Matt. 26:57), the ruling high priest (see notes on Matt. 26:57–58; John 18:24), was perhaps shared with his father-in-law Annas. Peter was following “to see the end” (Matt. 26:58).
Luke 22:59 The people in the courtyard know by his accent that Peter is a Galilean (Matt. 26:73).
Luke 22:54–62 Luke places Peter’s denial of Jesus earlier than Jesus’ appearance before the Sanhedrin (vv. 66–71), while Matthew and Mark place it afterward. Luke may have wanted to arrange his material in a more topical, “orderly” way (see 1:3).
Luke 22:63 The men . . . holding Jesus were probably “officers” (vv. 4, 52), that is, leaders of the temple police.
Luke 22:66 When day came. Luke combines the first (Mark 14:53–65) and second (Mark 15:1) meetings of the Sanhedrin. assembly of the elders. A synonym for the Sanhedrin.
Luke 22:67–68 If you are the Christ, tell us. This was the key issue of the trial.
Luke 22:69 the Son of Man shall be seated at the right hand . . . of God. Jesus declares that he is the human Messiah anticipated by the Jews and also the divine Son of Man (Dan. 7:13–14) who sits at the right hand of God (Ps. 110:1–2) and who will come in power to reign over the earth (see note on Matt. 8:20).
Luke 22:70 Son of God, “the Christ” (Messiah; v. 67), and “Son of Man” all refer to Jesus. Each emphasizes different aspects of his person and role. “Son of God” points to Jesus’ unique relationship to God. “Christ” indicates that Jesus claimed to be the Son of David, the Messiah. “Son of Man” points to the person identified in Dan. 7:13–14 who will rule the kingdom of God. You say that I am. A Greek expression that throws responsibility back upon the one asking the question (compare Matt. 26:25, 64).
Luke 22:66–71 Luke’s account of Jesus’ trial is much shorter than Matthew’s and Mark’s.
Luke 22:71 What further testimony do we need? The desire to catch Jesus in something he might say (compare 11:54; 20:20, 26) has been achieved. We have heard . . . from his own lips indicates that the members of the Sanhedrin considered Jesus’ claims (22:68–70) to be enough to condemn him.
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Listen NowDive Deeper | Luke 21-22
Throughout these chapters, Jesus foretells several things, including:
- The destruction of the temple.
- Coming wars and persecution.
- The destruction of Jerusalem.
- His Second Coming.
- His coming persecution and suffering.
- Judas' pending betrayal.
- Peter's denial of him three times.
Jesus knew what was coming, including the pain he would endure and the challenges ahead for his followers. He even said, "Father, if you are willing, remove this cup from me." (Luke 22:42a)
We often reflect on the weight of Christ's suffering for us, but imagine facing ultimate persecution while knowing every detail beforehand. The burden of anticipating hardship can be paralyzing, but Jesus endured it, fully aware of what lay ahead. This makes me especially thankful that God doesn't reveal all the details of my future. I don't think I could handle it.
Despite the dread, Jesus surrendered to the Father, saying, "Nevertheless, not my will, but yours, be done." (Luke 22:42b) Jesus knew God's plan was best because he knew how the story would end. He had foretold it in Luke 21:27.
Jesus was willingly arrested, knowing it was a step toward his death, but also knowing that death wasn't the end. He experienced sorrow and anxiety, yet he trusted the Father and obeyed. What a beautiful picture of submission to God's will, regardless of the circumstances.
I'm reminded of Christ's words in John 16:33: "I have said these things to you, that in me you may have peace. In the world you will have tribulation. But take heart; I have overcome the world."
Because of Jesus, we have peace and hope. No matter what we face, we can trust that God's plan is best and that truth brings great comfort. As 2 Corinthians 1:3-4 says: "Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort, who comforts us in all our affliction, so that we may be able to comfort those who are in any affliction, with the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted by God."
This month's memory verse
"I am the vine; you are the branches. Whoever abides in me and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing."
– John 15:5
Discussion Questions
1. What in your life right now can you trust to the Father, despite the current circumstances that may seem overwhelming?
2. How does Jesus' example of trust give you hope?
3. What does the fact that Jesus foretold all that was to come mean for you?