November 8, 2025

When did Paul set off on his first missionary journey?

Acts 12-14

Brooke Benedict
Saturday's Devo

November 8, 2025

Saturday's Devo

November 8, 2025

Big Book Idea

The Holy Spirit comes, and the Church is born; thus, the gospel shall go from Jerusalem, to Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth!

Key Verse | Acts 13:38-39

Let it be known to you therefore, brothers, that through this man forgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you, and by him everyone who believes is freed from everything from which you could not be freed by the law of Moses.

Acts 12-14

Chapter 12

James Killed and Peter Imprisoned

About that time Herod the king laid violent hands on some who belonged to the church. He killed James the brother of John with the sword, and when he saw that it pleased the Jews, he proceeded to arrest Peter also. This was during the days of Unleavened Bread. And when he had seized him, he put him in prison, delivering him over to four squads of soldiers to guard him, intending after the Passover to bring him out to the people. So Peter was kept in prison, but earnest prayer for him was made to God by the church.

Peter Is Rescued

Now when Herod was about to bring him out, on that very night, Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains, and sentries before the door were guarding the prison. And behold, an angel of the Lord stood next to him, and a light shone in the cell. He struck Peter on the side and woke him, saying, “Get up quickly.” And the chains fell off his hands. And the angel said to him, “Dress yourself and put on your sandals.” And he did so. And he said to him, “Wrap your cloak around you and follow me.” And he went out and followed him. He did not know that what was being done by the angel was real, but thought he was seeing a vision. 10 When they had passed the first and the second guard, they came to the iron gate leading into the city. It opened for them of its own accord, and they went out and went along one street, and immediately the angel left him. 11 When Peter came to himself, he said, “Now I am sure that the Lord has sent his angel and rescued me from the hand of Herod and from all that the Jewish people were expecting.”

12 When he realized this, he went to the house of Mary, the mother of John whose other name was Mark, where many were gathered together and were praying. 13 And when he knocked at the door of the gateway, a servant girl named Rhoda came to answer. 14 Recognizing Peter's voice, in her joy she did not open the gate but ran in and reported that Peter was standing at the gate. 15 They said to her, “You are out of your mind.” But she kept insisting that it was so, and they kept saying, “It is his angel!” 16 But Peter continued knocking, and when they opened, they saw him and were amazed. 17 But motioning to them with his hand to be silent, he described to them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, “Tell these things to James and to the brothers.” 1 12:17 Or brothers and sisters Then he departed and went to another place.

18 Now when day came, there was no little disturbance among the soldiers over what had become of Peter. 19 And after Herod searched for him and did not find him, he examined the sentries and ordered that they should be put to death. Then he went down from Judea to Caesarea and spent time there.

The Death of Herod

20 Now Herod was angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon, and they came to him with one accord, and having persuaded Blastus, the king's chamberlain, 2 12:20 That is, trusted personal attendant they asked for peace, because their country depended on the king's country for food. 21 On an appointed day Herod put on his royal robes, took his seat upon the throne, and delivered an oration to them. 22 And the people were shouting, “The voice of a god, and not of a man!” 23 Immediately an angel of the Lord struck him down, because he did not give God the glory, and he was eaten by worms and breathed his last.

24 But the word of God increased and multiplied.

25 And Barnabas and Saul returned from 3 12:25 Some manuscripts to Jerusalem when they had completed their service, bringing with them John, whose other name was Mark.

Chapter 13

Barnabas and Saul Sent Off

Now there were in the church at Antioch prophets and teachers, Barnabas, Simeon who was called Niger, 4 13:1 Niger is a Latin word meaning black, or dark Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen a lifelong friend of Herod the tetrarch, and Saul. While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, “Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them.” Then after fasting and praying they laid their hands on them and sent them off.

Barnabas and Saul on Cyprus

So, being sent out by the Holy Spirit, they went down to Seleucia, and from there they sailed to Cyprus. When they arrived at Salamis, they proclaimed the word of God in the synagogues of the Jews. And they had John to assist them. When they had gone through the whole island as far as Paphos, they came upon a certain magician, a Jewish false prophet named Bar-Jesus. He was with the proconsul, Sergius Paulus, a man of intelligence, who summoned Barnabas and Saul and sought to hear the word of God. But Elymas the magician (for that is the meaning of his name) opposed them, seeking to turn the proconsul away from the faith. But Saul, who was also called Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, looked intently at him 10 and said, “You son of the devil, you enemy of all righteousness, full of all deceit and villainy, will you not stop making crooked the straight paths of the Lord? 11 And now, behold, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will be blind and unable to see the sun for a time.” Immediately mist and darkness fell upon him, and he went about seeking people to lead him by the hand. 12 Then the proconsul believed, when he saw what had occurred, for he was astonished at the teaching of the Lord.

Paul and Barnabas at Antioch in Pisidia

13 Now Paul and his companions set sail from Paphos and came to Perga in Pamphylia. And John left them and returned to Jerusalem, 14 but they went on from Perga and came to Antioch in Pisidia. And on the Sabbath day they went into the synagogue and sat down. 15 After the reading from the Law and the Prophets, the rulers of the synagogue sent a message to them, saying, “Brothers, if you have any word of encouragement for the people, say it.” 16 So Paul stood up, and motioning with his hand said:

“Men of Israel and you who fear God, listen. 17 The God of this people Israel chose our fathers and made the people great during their stay in the land of Egypt, and with uplifted arm he led them out of it. 18 And for about forty years he put up with 5 13:18 Some manuscripts he carried (compare Deuteronomy 1:31) them in the wilderness. 19 And after destroying seven nations in the land of Canaan, he gave them their land as an inheritance. 20 All this took about 450 years. And after that he gave them judges until Samuel the prophet. 21 Then they asked for a king, and God gave them Saul the son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, for forty years. 22 And when he had removed him, he raised up David to be their king, of whom he testified and said, ‘I have found in David the son of Jesse a man after my heart, who will do all my will.’ 23 Of this man's offspring God has brought to Israel a Savior, Jesus, as he promised. 24 Before his coming, John had proclaimed a baptism of repentance to all the people of Israel. 25 And as John was finishing his course, he said, ‘What do you suppose that I am? I am not he. No, but behold, after me one is coming, the sandals of whose feet I am not worthy to untie.’

26 Brothers, sons of the family of Abraham, and those among you who fear God, to us has been sent the message of this salvation. 27 For those who live in Jerusalem and their rulers, because they did not recognize him nor understand the utterances of the prophets, which are read every Sabbath, fulfilled them by condemning him. 28 And though they found in him no guilt worthy of death, they asked Pilate to have him executed. 29 And when they had carried out all that was written of him, they took him down from the tree and laid him in a tomb. 30 But God raised him from the dead, 31 and for many days he appeared to those who had come up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are now his witnesses to the people. 32 And we bring you the good news that what God promised to the fathers, 33 this he has fulfilled to us their children by raising Jesus, as also it is written in the second Psalm,

‘You are my Son,
    today I have begotten you.’

34 And as for the fact that he raised him from the dead, no more to return to corruption, he has spoken in this way,

‘I will give you the holy and sure blessings of David.’

35 Therefore he says also in another psalm,

‘You will not let your Holy One see corruption.’

36 For David, after he had served the purpose of God in his own generation, fell asleep and was laid with his fathers and saw corruption, 37 but he whom God raised up did not see corruption. 38 Let it be known to you therefore, brothers, that through this man forgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you, 39 and by him everyone who believes is freed 6 13:39 Greek justified; twice in this verse from everything from which you could not be freed by the law of Moses. 40 Beware, therefore, lest what is said in the Prophets should come about:

41  ‘Look, you scoffers,
    be astounded and perish;
for I am doing a work in your days,
    a work that you will not believe, even if one tells it to you.’”

42 As they went out, the people begged that these things might be told them the next Sabbath. 43 And after the meeting of the synagogue broke up, many Jews and devout converts to Judaism followed Paul and Barnabas, who, as they spoke with them, urged them to continue in the grace of God.

44 The next Sabbath almost the whole city gathered to hear the word of the Lord. 45 But when the Jews 7 13:45 Greek Ioudaioi probably refers here to Jewish religious leaders, and others under their influence, in that time; also verse 50 saw the crowds, they were filled with jealousy and began to contradict what was spoken by Paul, reviling him. 46 And Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, saying, “It was necessary that the word of God be spoken first to you. Since you thrust it aside and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, behold, we are turning to the Gentiles. 47 For so the Lord has commanded us, saying,

‘I have made you a light for the Gentiles,
    that you may bring salvation to the ends of the earth.’”

48 And when the Gentiles heard this, they began rejoicing and glorifying the word of the Lord, and as many as were appointed to eternal life believed. 49 And the word of the Lord was spreading throughout the whole region. 50 But the Jews incited the devout women of high standing and the leading men of the city, stirred up persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and drove them out of their district. 51 But they shook off the dust from their feet against them and went to Iconium. 52 And the disciples were filled with joy and with the Holy Spirit.

Chapter 14

Paul and Barnabas at Iconium

Now at Iconium they entered together into the Jewish synagogue and spoke in such a way that a great number of both Jews and Greeks believed. But the unbelieving Jews stirred up the Gentiles and poisoned their minds against the brothers. 8 14:2 Or brothers and sisters So they remained for a long time, speaking boldly for the Lord, who bore witness to the word of his grace, granting signs and wonders to be done by their hands. But the people of the city were divided; some sided with the Jews and some with the apostles. When an attempt was made by both Gentiles and Jews, with their rulers, to mistreat them and to stone them, they learned of it and fled to Lystra and Derbe, cities of Lycaonia, and to the surrounding country, and there they continued to preach the gospel.

Paul and Barnabas at Lystra

Now at Lystra there was a man sitting who could not use his feet. He was crippled from birth and had never walked. He listened to Paul speaking. And Paul, looking intently at him and seeing that he had faith to be made well, 9 14:9 Or be saved 10 said in a loud voice, “Stand upright on your feet.” And he sprang up and began walking. 11 And when the crowds saw what Paul had done, they lifted up their voices, saying in Lycaonian, “The gods have come down to us in the likeness of men!” 12 Barnabas they called Zeus, and Paul, Hermes, because he was the chief speaker. 13 And the priest of Zeus, whose temple was at the entrance to the city, brought oxen and garlands to the gates and wanted to offer sacrifice with the crowds. 14 But when the apostles Barnabas and Paul heard of it, they tore their garments and rushed out into the crowd, crying out, 15 “Men, why are you doing these things? We also are men, of like nature with you, and we bring you good news, that you should turn from these vain things to a living God, who made the heaven and the earth and the sea and all that is in them. 16 In past generations he allowed all the nations to walk in their own ways. 17 Yet he did not leave himself without witness, for he did good by giving you rains from heaven and fruitful seasons, satisfying your hearts with food and gladness.” 18 Even with these words they scarcely restrained the people from offering sacrifice to them.

Paul Stoned at Lystra

19 But Jews came from Antioch and Iconium, and having persuaded the crowds, they stoned Paul and dragged him out of the city, supposing that he was dead. 20 But when the disciples gathered about him, he rose up and entered the city, and on the next day he went on with Barnabas to Derbe. 21 When they had preached the gospel to that city and had made many disciples, they returned to Lystra and to Iconium and to Antioch, 22 strengthening the souls of the disciples, encouraging them to continue in the faith, and saying that through many tribulations we must enter the kingdom of God. 23 And when they had appointed elders for them in every church, with prayer and fasting they committed them to the Lord in whom they had believed.

Paul and Barnabas Return to Antioch in Syria

24 Then they passed through Pisidia and came to Pamphylia. 25 And when they had spoken the word in Perga, they went down to Attalia, 26 and from there they sailed to Antioch, where they had been commended to the grace of God for the work that they had fulfilled. 27 And when they arrived and gathered the church together, they declared all that God had done with them, and how he had opened a door of faith to the Gentiles. 28 And they remained no little time with the disciples.

Footnotes

[1] 12:17 Or brothers and sisters
[2] 12:20 That is, trusted personal attendant
[3] 12:25 Some manuscripts to
[4] 13:1 Niger is a Latin word meaning black, or dark
[5] 13:18 Some manuscripts he carried (compare Deuteronomy 1:31)
[6] 13:39 Greek justified; twice in this verse
[7] 13:45 Greek Ioudaioi probably refers here to Jewish religious leaders, and others under their influence, in that time; also verse 50
[8] 14:2 Or brothers and sisters
[9] 14:9 Or be saved
Table of Contents
Introduction to Acts

Introduction to Acts

Timeline

Author and Date

Acts is a sequel to the Gospel of Luke. Both were written by Luke, a physician who traveled with the apostle Paul. Acts ends with Paul under house arrest, awaiting trial before Caesar, c. A.D. 62. Many scholars assume Acts was written then because it does not record Paul’s defense, release, and further gospel preaching.

Theme

The Holy Spirit empowers believers to declare the gospel among both Jews and Gentiles. In doing so they establish the church. The church is the fulfillment of God’s promises from the beginning of time.

Purpose

Luke’s purpose for writing his Gospel (see Luke 1:3–4) applies to Acts as well: to give an “orderly” account of the early church after Christ’s resurrection. Dedicating the two-volume work to Theophilus, Luke wanted him to have “certainty” about what he had been taught.

Key Themes

Acts tells of the witness of the early church to the truth of the gospel—a theme first introduced in 1:8:

  1. The witness is worldwide—Judea, Samaria, the “end of the earth” (1:8).
  2. The witness includes all kinds of people (chs. 2–5; 10:1–11:18; 14:8–18; 16:11–15, 25–34; 17:22–31).
  3. God guides the church’s witness (4:5–22; 23:12–22; 24:1–23; 27:21–26).
  4. Faithful witnesses must be prepared to suffer and even die because of their testimony to Christ (5:41–42; 7:54–60).
  5. The Holy Spirit empowers the witness (1:8; 2:1–13; 8:17; 13:2–12; 19:6).
  6. Effective witness demands unity in the church (2:42–47; 4:32–37; 5:12–14).
  7. Jesus’ resurrection is a key part of the witness (1:22; 2:22–36; 17:30–31).
  8. Acceptance of the message depends both on human response and on God’s sovereign will (2:47; 11:18; 13:48).
  9. The witness to the gospel calls for a response (26:27–29). It requires repenting of one’s sins in the name of Christ. This brings forgiveness of sins (e.g., 2:38).
  10. Witnesses must always maintain integrity before the world (18:12–15; 23:29; 25:18; 26:31–32).
  11. Christian witnesses continue the ministry that Christ “began” (1:1).
  12. Faithful witness can bring great results (4:4; 13:48–49; 17:4; 28:30–31).

Outline

  1. Preparation for Witness (1:1–2:13)
  2. The Witness in Jerusalem (2:14–5:42)
  3. The Witness beyond Jerusalem (6:1–12:25)
  4. The Witness in Cyprus and Southern Galatia (13:1–14:28)
  5. The Jerusalem Council (15:1–35)
  6. The Witness in Greece (15:36–18:22)
  7. The Witness in Ephesus (18:23–21:16)
  8. The Arrest in Jerusalem (21:17–23:35)
  9. The Witness in Caesarea (24:1–26:32)
  10. The Witness in Rome (27:1–28:31)

The Setting of Acts

c. A.D. 30–60

The book of Acts records the spread of the gospel from Jerusalem to Rome, thus fulfilling the risen Christ’s words to his apostles in Acts 1:8.

The Setting of Acts

The Global Message of Acts

The Global Message of Acts

Acts and Redemptive History

The book of Acts begins in Jerusalem, the capital city of the Jews, but ends in Rome, the capital city of the Gentiles. It begins with the ministry of Peter, apostle to the Jews, but ends with the ministry of Paul, apostle to the Gentiles (see Gal. 2:7–8; 1 Tim. 2:7). The direction of Acts is one of ever-expanding global reach.

Acts 1:8 sums up the global significance of the book of Acts: “But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.”

Reversing the Curse of Babel

In Genesis 11 the pride of mankind led to the building of the tower of Babel. But God brought low mankind’s arrogance. He scattered the human race throughout the earth and gave different languages to different people groups, preventing a second attempt at a unified monument to human pride like Babel.

In Acts 2, the curse of Babel is reversed. Instead of one language becoming many, many languages become one. As travelers from distant lands descend on Jerusalem at Pentecost, the Holy Spirit falls on the disciples and they speak in tongues, “and at this sound the multitude came together, and they were bewildered, because each one was hearing them speak in his own language” (Acts 2:6). With the pouring out of the Spirit right after Christ’s ascension, God was beginning to undo the effects of sin. Indeed, Peter said that Pentecost was the beginning of the “last days” predicted by Joel (Acts 2:16–21). The gospel’s global reach is thus beautifully depicted in the events of Acts 2.

To the End of the Earth

The rest of Acts then describes the ongoing spread of the gospel outward from Jerusalem. This is in fulfillment of the ancient promises to Abraham (soon after Babel) that in him all the nations of the earth would be blessed (Gen. 12:1–3). The first seven chapters of Acts show the gospel spreading in Jerusalem. Chapters 8–9 describe its spread to the surrounding regions. Chapters 10–28 show the gospel going to the end of the earth, to Rome itself. In this way Acts 1:8 becomes an outline of the whole book of Acts.

Even the final verse of Acts records the unstoppable spread of the gospel: Paul was “proclaiming the kingdom of God and teaching about the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness and without hindrance” (28:31).

The end of the Bible completes the global explosion of the gospel that begins in Acts. In Revelation 5 John sees twenty-four elders fall down before the Lamb and sing,

“Worthy are you to take the scroll

    and to open its seals,

for you were slain, and by your blood you ransomed people for God

    from every tribe and language and people and nation,

and you have made them a kingdom and priests to our God,

    and they shall reign on the earth.” (Rev. 5:9–10; compare 7:9)

Universal Themes in Acts

The global reach of the gospel. In Acts God calls his people, led by the apostles, to be witnesses of Jesus “to the end of the earth” (Acts 1:8). In chapter 2, Luke makes a deliberate point of recording the various nations represented at Pentecost in Jerusalem—“Parthians and Medes and Elamites and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Lybia belonging to Cyrene, and visitors from Rome, both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabians” (2:9–11). This is a remarkably comprehensive list of nations that covers virtually the entire Roman Empire and thus the whole known world of the time. Acts shows us God’s determination to bring his blessings to every corner of the cosmos.

The welcome of all kinds of people into the family of God. Not only does the gospel reach to all the corners of the earth in Acts, it also reaches to all kinds of people—an Ethiopian eunuch (Acts 8:26–40), a Roman centurion (10:1–48), lame men (3:1–10; 14:8–10), a merchant woman (16:11–15), a Philippian jailer (16:25–34), members of the religious elite in Athens (17:34), and magicians and sorcerers (19:18–19). In his great grace, God welcomes all kinds of people into his family.

The sovereignty of God in all things. As much as any book in the Bible, Acts lifts up the sovereign rule of God over everything in both life and salvation. This sovereignty extends to every square inch of the globe and is a deep comfort for Christians everywhere. Acts shows us God’s sovereignty in appointing men and women to eternal life (Acts 2:39, 41, 47; 5:14; 11:24; 13:48), in granting faith and repentance (3:16; 5:31; 11:18; 15:8–9; 16:14; 18:27), and even in the cruel cross of Christ (2:23–24; 3:18; 4:27–28). All things, even acts of great evil, are ultimately governed by the wise hand of God, yet never in such a way that he himself could be accused of wrongdoing (see James 1:13–14, 17).

The Global Message of Acts for Today

Word and deed. Throughout Acts, ministry involves both word and deed, both speaking and doing, both preaching and serving. Miraculous acts of healing, for example, were “signs and wonders” that pointed to the life-changing power of the gospel. In Acts 14:3, we are told that Paul and Barnabas were “speaking boldly for the Lord, who bore witness to the word of his grace, granting signs and wonders to be done by their hands.” Christians sometimes emphasize either word or deed to the neglect of the other. The New Testament teaches us to make God’s Word our first priority in ministry (1 Cor. 1:22–23), yet the gospel must be clothed in love and good deeds, lest we “unsay” with our actions what we say with our lips (1 John 3:18).

Christian generosity with one another. The church is called to be kind and generous to all those made in God’s image. Yet believers are to show special kindness to one another (Gal. 6:10). We see this beautifully in Acts, as believers share possessions in common with one another in a bold sacrifice of love (Acts 2:42–47; 4:32–37). As Christ poured his life out in self-giving compassion for us when we were in need, so we give of ourselves to others who are in need.

The power of the Holy Spirit. The worldwide mission of the church began only when the Holy Spirit came upon God’s people (Acts 1:8; compare Luke 24:49). In a day when the Spirit is often the most neglected person of the Trinity, especially in the Christian West, the global church must learn from Acts to treasure the Spirit and his presence and power. Acts declares to the church today that it is by the power of the Spirit that the gospel will go forth to the end of the earth. This is humbling to human pride, yet it is also our great hope. Evangelistic effectiveness does not depend ultimately on human cleverness and sophisticated strategies. Global fruitfulness comes as weak Christians depend on the Spirit and look to him for strength.

Luke Fact #1: Who wrote Luke?

Fact: Who wrote Luke?

Who wrote Luke? Luke wrote both this Gospel account and Acts. He probably traveled with Paul and participated in his ministry (see Col. 4:14; 2 Tim. 4:11; Philem. 24). Luke was also a physician (Col. 4:14).

Acts Fact #1: Acts

Fact: Acts

Acts is the sequel to the Gospel of Luke. Its main purpose is to record a selective history of the early church after Christ’s resurrection and ascension. Both books are dedicated to a man named Theoph­ilus (Luke 1:3; Acts 1:1) and written by Luke.

Acts Fact #6: The speeches in Acts

Fact: The speeches in Acts

The speeches in Acts are an important part of Luke’s historical account. They make up nearly a third of the book. Ten of these are extended speeches: three by Peter, one by Stephen, and six by Paul.

Acts Fact #9: Ananias

Fact: Ananias

Ananias. There are three different men named Ananias in the book of Acts (see 5:1; 9:10; 24:1). The Ananias who was apparently the first believer to welcome Paul after his conversion is a positive example of obedience to the Lord (9:10–19).

Acts Fact #23: What is “the Way?”

Fact: What is “the Way?”

What is “the Way?” In Acts, “the Way” appears six times (9:2; 19:9, 23; 22:4; 24:14, 22). People who belonged to the Way were followers of Christ. It means the way of salvation (16:17) and/or the true way of life in relation to God (see 18:25–26).

Acts Fact #26: What happens next?

Fact: What happens next?

What happens next? Acts ends with Paul serving Christ from within a Roman prison. During this time, he wrote Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. According to the church historian Eusebius, Paul was released, then arrested a second time, and eventually martyred in Rome.

Acts Fact #11: The death of James

Fact: The death of James

The death of James. In Mark 10:39, Jesus implies that the brothers James and John would suffer a similar death to his. For James, this was fulfilled when Herod Agrippa I, Roman ruler over Palestine, ordered his execution (Acts 12:2).

Acts Fact #13: Why did they try to worship Paul and Barnabas?

Fact: Why did they try to worship Paul and Barnabas?

Why did they try to worship Paul and Barnabas? When Paul performed a miracle in Lystra, the people treated him and Barnabas as gods (14:8–18). They did this because of a local myth about the gods Hermes and Zeus visiting their region in human form, seeking hospitality. Only one couple gave them shelter, and as a result they were spared when the gods drowned everyone else as punishment.

Galatians Fact #1: Paul’s letter to the Galatians

Fact: Paul’s letter to the Galatians

Paul’s letter to the Galatians was likely written to the churches he established in the southern part of Galatia during his first missionary journey (Acts 13:1–14:28). He probably sent the letter from his home church in Antioch, sometime before the Jeru­salem council (see Acts 15:1–31).

Acts Fact #12: Antioch in Pisidia

Fact: Antioch in Pisidia

Antioch in Pisidia was one of 16 cities that the Syrian king Seleucus named after his father Anti­ochus. The city had a large Jewish population and the high status of being a Roman colony, probably Asia Minor’s most important. Designed to be a smaller version of Rome, it was organized into seven districts and possessed all the amenities that Rome afforded. These included an aqueduct, a bathhouse, and most notably its large sanctuary devoted to emperor worship.

Acts Fact #18: Magic

Fact: Magic

In the Greco-Roman world, many used magic to heal, to curse, or to control evil spirits. Paul encountered such magicians on his missionary journeys (8:9–24; 13:6–12). He showed how Jesus’ power greatly surpasses any magical spells, and many former magicians became believers (19:17–20).

The Setting of 1 Timothy

The Setting of 1 Timothy

c. A.D. 62–64

Paul likely wrote 1 Timothy during a fourth missionary journey not recorded in the book of Acts. Writing from an unknown location, Paul wrote to Timothy at Ephesus to instruct him on how to lead the church there. Ephesus was a wealthy and highly influential port city in the Roman province of Asia, renowned for its temple of Artemis (Diana).

The Setting of 1 Timothy

The Setting of 2 Timothy

The Setting of 2 Timothy

c. A.D. 64–67

Paul probably wrote 2 Timothy during a second imprisonment in Rome following a fourth missionary journey that is not recorded in Acts. Expecting that death would come soon, Paul wrote this “farewell” letter to Timothy, who was at Ephesus, urging him to stand firm and asking him to come for one final visit.

The Setting of 2 Timothy

The Setting of Titus

The Setting of Titus

c. A.D. 62–64

Paul likely wrote Titus during a fourth missionary journey not recorded in the book of Acts. Writing from an unknown location, he instructed Titus in how to lead the churches on the island of Crete. The churches there had apparently been founded by Paul.

The Setting of Titus

Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26)

Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26)

c. A.D. 46–47

Barnabas and Paul first visited Barnabas’s home region of Cyprus before sailing to the southern region of Asia Minor. When they reached Perga in Pamphylia, John Mark left the group and returned to Jerusalem. Making their way to Antioch (in Pisidia), Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, Paul and Barnabas were driven out of each city by jealous Jewish religious leaders. Later they returned by the same route, strengthening the new churches as they went. From Attalia they set sail for their home in Antioch of Syria.

Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26)

The Setting of Galatians

The Setting of Galatians

c. A.D. 48

Paul’s letter to the Galatians was likely written to the churches he had established during his first missionary journey (Acts 13:1–14:28). He probably wrote the letter from his home church in Antioch in Syria, sometime before the Jerusalem council (Acts 15:1–31).

The Setting of Galatians

New Testament Timeline

New Testament Timeline

The following chart provides a detailed New Testament timeline. Most of the dates can be determined precisely by correlating biblical events with extensive historical documents and archaeological evidence. Dates with an asterisk denote approximate or alternative dates. The extensive external confirmation of New Testament dates and events encourages great confidence in the truth and historicity of both the Old and New Testaments.

5 B.C.* Jesus is born in Bethlehem.
4 B.C. Jesus’ family flees to Egypt to escape from Herod’s plan to kill Jesus (Matt. 2:13–18); Herod dies; Judas (of Sepphoris) and others rebel, requiring the Syrian Governor Varus to intervene throughout Palestine; Sepphoris, a city four miles from Nazareth, is destroyed by Roman soldiers; Judea, Samaria, and Idumea are given to Herod’s son, Archelaus; Galilee and Perea are given to his son Antipas; Jesus’ family, after returning from Egypt, resides in Nazareth (Matt. 2:19–23), a small village in southern Galilee.
A.D. 6 Archelaus is exiled for incompetence; Judea becomes a Roman province; Judas the Galilean (of Gamla) leads a revolt against the tax census; the governor of Syria, Quirinius (A.D. 6–7), appoints Annas high priest (6–15).
8* Jesus (age 12) interacts with the teachers in the temple (Luke 2:41–50).
8*–28/30 Jesus works as a carpenter in Nazareth (Matt. 13:55; Mark 6:3) and probably in neighboring villages and Sepphoris, which was being rebuilt.
28–29* John the Baptist begins his ministry around the Jordan River (John 1:19).
28–30* Jesus begins his ministry in Judea, but soon focuses his efforts in Galilee. In Jerusalem, Pharisees (like Gamaliel) train disciples (like Paul) in their tradition. They send a delegation to Galilee, but the delegation rejects Jesus’ teaching. In Alexandria, Philo (20 B.C.–A.D. 50) attempts to unify Greek philosophy with Hebrew Scripture.
33 (or 30) Jesus returns to Judea, is crucified, and resurrected. James the brother of Jesus becomes a believer after witnessing the resurrected Jesus (1 Cor. 15:7; Acts 12:17). Jesus ascends to the Father’s right hand (Acts 1). Jesus’ first followers receive the Holy Spirit at Pentecost and begin to proclaim the gospel (Acts 2).
33/34* Paul witnesses the resurrected Lord on the way to Damascus and is commissioned as an apostle to the nations (Acts 9; Gal. 1:15–16).
34–37 Paul ministers in Damascus and Arabia (Acts 9:19–22; 26:20; Gal. 1:16–18).
36 Pilate loses his position for incompetence.
36/37* Paul meets with Peter in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18).
37–45 Paul ministers in Syria, Tarsus, and Cilicia (Acts 9:30; Gal. 1:21).
38* Peter witnesses to Cornelius (Acts 10).
39 Antipas is exiled.
40–45* James writes his letter to believers outside Palestine (see James 1:1).
41–44 Agrippa, Herod the Great’s grandson, rules Palestine; he kills James the brother of John (Acts 12:2) and imprisons Peter (Acts 12:3).
42–44 Paul receives his “thorn in the flesh” (2 Cor. 12:7).
44 Peter leaves Jerusalem; Agrippa is killed by an “angel of the Lord” (Acts 12:23).
44–46 Theudas persuades many Jews to sell their possessions and follow him into the wilderness where he claimed he would miraculously divide the Jordan River; Roman procurator Fadus dispatches his cavalry and beheads the would-be messiah.
44–47* Paul’s Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10).
46–47 Paul’s First Missionary Journey (with Barnabas) from Antioch to Cyprus, Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, and Lystra (Acts 13:4–14:26).
46–48 Roman procurator Tiberius Alexander crucifies two sons (Jacob and Simon) of Judas the Galilean.
48* Paul writes Galatians, perhaps from Antioch (see Acts 14:26–28).
48–49* Paul and Peter return to Jerusalem for the Apostolic Council, which, with the assistance of James, frees Gentile believers from the requirement of circumcision in opposition to Pharisaic believers (Acts 15:1–29); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30) but split over a dispute about John Mark (Acts 15:36–40).
48/49–51* Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (with Silas) from Antioch to Syria, Cilicia, southern Galatia, Macedonia, notably Philippi, Thessalonica, and Berea; and then on to Achaia, notably Athens and Corinth (Acts 15:36–18:22).
49 Claudius expels Jews from Rome because of conflicts about Jesus (Acts 18:2); Paul befriends two refugees, Priscilla and Aquila, in Corinth (Acts 18:2–3).
49–51* Paul writes 12 Thessalonians from Corinth (Acts 18:1, 11; also compare Acts 18:5 with 1 Thess. 1:8).
51 Paul appears before Gallio, proconsul of Achaia (Acts 18:12–17).
50–54* Peter comes to Rome.
52–57* Paul’s Third Missionary Journey from Antioch to Galatia, Phrygia, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece (Acts 18:23–21:17).
52–55 Paul ministers in Ephesus (Acts 19:1–20).
53–55* Mark writes his Gospel, containing Peter’s memories of Jesus; perhaps within a decade, Matthew publishes his Gospel, which relies on Mark and other sources. Paul writes 1 Corinthians from Ephesus (Acts 19:10).
54 Claudius dies (edict exiling Jews repealed); Priscilla and Aquila return to Rome and host a church in their home (see Rom. 16:3–5).
54–68 Nero reigns.
55–56* Paul writes 2 Corinthians from Macedonia (Acts 20:1, 3; 2 Cor. 1:16; 2:13; 7:5; 8:1; 9:2, 4; see 1 Cor. 16:5).
57* Paul winters in Corinth and writes Romans (Acts 20:3; see Rom. 16:1–2; also see Rom. 16:23 with 1 Cor. 1:14); travels to Je­­ru­salem (Acts 21:1–16), visits with James the brother of Jesus (Acts 21:17–26), and is arrested (Acts 21:27–36; 22:22–29).
57–59 Paul is imprisoned and transferred to Caesarea (Acts 23:23–24, 33–34).
60 Paul begins voyage to Rome (Acts 27:1–2); he is shipwrecked for three months on the island of Malta (Acts 27:39–28:10).
60–70* Letter to the Hebrews is written.
62 James the brother of the Lord is executed by the Sadducean high priest Ananus.
62–63* Peter writes his first letter (1 Peter) from Rome (1 Pet. 5:13).
62* Paul arrives in Rome and remains under house arrest (Acts 28:16–31); he writes Ephesians (see verses for Colossians), Philippians (Phil. 1:7, 13, 17; 4:22), Colossians (Col. 4:3, 10, 18; see Acts 27:2 with Col. 4:10), Philemon (see Philem. 23 with Col. 1:7; Philem. 2 with Col. 4:17; Philem. 24 with Col. 4:10; also see Col. 4:9). Luke, Paul’s physician and companion (see Col. 4:14), writes Luke and Acts.
62–64 Paul is released, extends his mission (probably reaching Spain), writes 1 Timothy from Macedonia (see 1 Tim. 1:3) and Titus from Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); he is rearrested in Rome (2 Tim. 1:16–17).
63–64 Work on the temple complex is completed.
64 (July 19) Fire in Rome; Nero blames and kills many Christians.
64–67* Peter writes his second letter ( 2 Peter). Jude writes his letter. Paul writes 2 Timothy (see 2 Tim. 4:6–8). Paul and Peter are martyred in Rome.
66 First Jewish-Roman War begins with a riot between Greeks and Jews at Caesarea; Roman procurator Gesius Florus (A.D. 64–66) is murdered and a Roman garrison wiped out; Menahem, son or grandson of Judas the Galilean, murders the high priest Ananias and seizes control of the temple; Nero dispatches Vespasian with three legions.
67* Romans destroy the Qumran community, who beforehand hid the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls in nearby caves; the church in Jerusalem flees to Pella (Matt. 24:15–16; Mark 13:14; Luke 21:20–22); John migrates to Ephesus with Mary, Jesus’ mother.
68 Nero commits suicide; year of the three emperors.
69 Rebellion quelled in Galilee and Samaria; Vespasian summoned back to Rome to become emperor.
70 (Aug. 30) Titus, Vespasian’s son, after a five-month siege of Jerusalem, destroys the temple after desecrating it; the temple’s menorah, Torah, and veil are removed and later put on display in a victory parade in Rome; the influence of the Sadducees ends; the Pharisee Johanan ben Zakkai escapes and convinces the Romans to allow him and others to settle in Jamnia, where they found a school.
73 (May 2)* Before Roman general Silva breaches the fortress atop Masada following a two-year siege, 936 Jewish rebels commit suicide.
75 Titus has an affair with the Jewish princess Berenice, sister of Agrippa II (Acts 25:13, 23), whom he later abandons because of the scandal.
77 Pliny the Elder writes Natural History.
77–78 Josephus publishes Jewish War in Rome.
79 Pompeii and Herculaneum are destroyed by eruption of Vesuvius; Pliny the Elder dies attempting to investigate.
81 The Arch of Titus, celebrating his destruction of the temple, is erected in Rome.
81–96 Domitian, Titus’s brother, persecutes Christians among the Roman nobility, including his own relatives Clemens and Domitilla.
85–95* John writes his letters (1–3 John), probably in Ephesus.
89–95* John writes his Gospel, probably in Ephesus.
93–94 Josephus publishes Jewish Antiquities in Rome.
94 Domitian exiles philosophers from Rome.
95* Amidst persecution, Clement, a leader in the Roman church, writes his Letter to the Corinthians (1 Clement) appealing for peace between the young men and elders.
95–96* Exiled by Domitian to Patmos, John writes Revelation (Rev. 1:9).
96–98 Nerva, the first of five “good” emperors, ends official persecution.

* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or

Parallels in the Ministries of Jesus, Peter, and Paul in Luke–Acts

Parallels in the Ministries of Jesus, Peter, and Paul in Luke–Acts

Luke shows Peter and Paul continuing the ministry of Jesus in the book of Acts. Representative examples are cited on the chart below.

Type of Ministry Jesus Peter Paul
Preaching that the OT is fulfilled in Jesus the Messiah Luke 4; 24 Acts 2; 3 Acts 13; 17
Casting out unclean spirits Luke 4:31–37 Acts 5:16 Acts 16:16–18
Healing the lame Luke 6:6–11 Acts 3:1–10 Acts 14:8–10
Raising the dead Luke 7:11–17 Acts 9:36–43 Acts 20:7–12
Healing by a touch, a shadow, or cloths Luke 8:42–48 Acts 5:15 Acts 19:11–12
God’s Sovereignty in Salvation as Seen in Acts

God’s Sovereignty in Salvation as Seen in Acts

God ordained the cross God calls, adds, and appoints many to eternal life God gives faith and repentance; God cleanses and opens hearts
2:23 “Jesus, delivered up according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God”

3:18 “what God foretold by the mouth of all the prophets, that his Christ would suffer, he thus fulfilled”

4:27–28 “there were gathered together . . . Herod and Pontius Pilate, along with the Gentiles and the people of Israel, to do whatever your hand . . . had predestined to take place”
2:39 “the promise is to . . . everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself ”

2:41 “there were added that day about three thousand souls”

2:47 “the Lord added to their number day by day those who were being saved”

5:14 “believers were added to the Lord, multitudes of both men and women”

11:24 “a great many people were added to the Lord”

13:48 “as many as were appointed to eternal life believed”
3:16 “the faith that is through Jesus”

5:31 “God exalted him . . . to give repentance to Israel”

11:18 “to the Gentiles also God has granted repentance that leads to life”

15:8–9 “God . . . having cleansed their hearts by faith”

16:14 “The Lord opened her heart to pay attention to what was said by Paul”

18:27 “those who through grace had believed”
Major Sermons in Acts

Major Sermons in Acts

Speaker Text Audience
Peter 2:14–36 Jews in Jerusalem
3:11–26 Jews in Jerusalem
10:34–43 Cornelius’s household
Stephen 7:1–53 Jews in Jerusalem
Paul 13:16–47 Jews in Pisidian Antioch
17:22–31 Greeks in Athens
20:18–35 Church elders in Ephesus
22:1–21 Jews in Jerusalem
24:10–21 Felix and his court
26:1–29 Agrippa and his court
Major Events in the Life of the Apostle Paul

Major Events in the Life of the Apostle Paul

A.D. 5–10? Born in Tarsus, an Israelite from the tribe of Benjamin and a Roman citizen (Acts 22:3, 28; Rom. 11:1; Phil. 3:5); raised in either Jerusalem (Acts 22:3?) or Tarsus
15–20? Trained as a Pharisee by Gamaliel I (Acts 22:3; 26:5; Gal. 1:14; Phil. 3:5–6)
30/33? Death, resurrection of Christ
31–34 Present at Stephen’s stoning; persecuted Christians (Acts 7:58; 8:1; 22:4a; 26:9–11; 1 Cor. 15:9; Gal. 1:13; Phil. 3:6)
33/34* Converted, called, and commissioned on the way to Damascus (Acts 9:1–19; 22:6–11; 26:12–18; Gal. 1:15–16)
33/34–36/37 Stays in Damascus a short time (Acts 9:19b); leaves for Arabia (2 Cor. 11:32; Gal. 1:17); returns to Damascus (Gal. 1:17; Acts 9:20–22?); escapes through city wall to avoid arrest (Acts 9:23–24; 2 Cor. 11:32–33)
36/37* Meets with Peter, sees James, in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18) Hellenists seek to kill him; flees to Tarsus (Acts 9:28–30; Gal. 1:21)
37–45 Ministers in Syria/Cilicia (2 Cor. 11:22–27?)
44–47* Ministers with Barnabas in Antioch (Acts 11:25–26) Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10)
46–47 First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26): 1.5 years?
48* With Barnabas, spends “no little time” in Antioch (Acts 14:28; Gal. 2:11–14); writes Galatians
48–49* Returns to Jerusalem for the apostolic council (Acts 15); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30–33), but dispute over John Mark causes them to part ways (Acts 15:36–41)
48/49–51* Second Missionary Journey (Acts 15:36–18:22): 2.5 years?
49 Paul and Silas travel to southern Galatia through Asia Minor, on to Macedonia (Philippi [1 Thess. 2:2]); Thessalonica [1 Thess. 2:2; Phil. 4:15–16]; and Berea [Acts 17:10–15]), and then to Achaia (Athens [1 Thess. 3:1] and Corinth [2 Cor. 11:7–9])
49–51* Spends 1.5 years in Corinth (Acts 18:11); appears before Gallio (Acts 18:12–17); writes 1 and 2 Thessalonians
51 Returns to Jerusalem? (Acts 18:22)
52–57* Third Missionary Journey (Acts 18:23–21:17): 5 years?
52 Travels to Antioch, spends “some time”; travels through Galatia and Phrygia (Acts 18:23)
52–55 Arrives in Ephesus (Acts 19:1; 1 Cor. 16:8); ministers for three years (Acts 20:31) and writes 1 Corinthians; makes brief, “painful visit” to Corinth (2 Cor. 2:1), then returns to Ephesus and writes “severe letter” (now lost) to Corinth (2 Cor. 2:3–4; 7:8–16)
55–56* Travels north to Macedonia, meets Titus (Acts 20:1; 2 Cor. 2:12–13); writes 2 Corinthians
57* Winters in Corinth (Acts 20:2–3; 2 Cor. 9:4), writes to the Romans from Corinth; travels to Jerusalem; is arrested (Acts 21:27–36)
57–59 Transferred as prisoner to Caesarea, stays for two years (Acts 24:27)
60* Voyage to Rome; shipwrecked, spends three months on Malta (Acts 28:11); finally arrives in Rome
62* Under house-arrest in Rome (Acts 28:30–31), writes Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon
62–67 Released from house-arrest in Rome, travels to Spain (?), writes 1 Timothy (from Macedonia?) and Titus (from Nicopolis); is rearrested, writes 2 Timothy from Rome, is martyred

* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or

Paul Collects an Offering for Judea

Paul Collects an Offering for Judea

Activity Text Date
The church in Antioch sends Barnabas and Paul to Judea with relief funds. Acts 11:29–30; 12:25 c. A.D. 44–47
James, Cephas, and John encourage Paul to remember the poor, which he is eager to do. Gal. 2:10 c. 44–47
Paul raises support for the Christians in Jerusalem while in Ephesus. 1 Cor. 16:1–4 (see note on Acts 20:4) c. 53–55
Paul raises support for the Christians in Jerusalem while in Macedonia. 2 Corinthians 8–9 c. 55–56
Paul raises support for the Christians in Jerusalem while in Achaia. Rom. 15:25–33 (see note on Acts 20:3) Spring of 57
Paul is arrested when he arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the gift. Acts 24:17 (see Acts 21:17–33) Pentecost, 57
The Twelve Apostles*

The Twelve Apostles*

Matthew 10:2–4 Mark 3:16–19 Luke 6:14–16 John (various verses) Acts 1:13
 1. Simon, who is called Peter  1. Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter)  1. Simon, whom he named Peter Simon Peter (1:40–42)  1. Peter
 2. Andrew his [Simon Peter’s] brother  4. Andrew  2. Andrew his [Simon Peter’s] brother Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother (1:40)  4. Andrew
 3. James the son of Zebedee  2. James the son of Zebedee  3. James unnamed son of Zebedee (21:2)  3. James
 4. John his [James’s] brother  3. John the brother of James  4. John unnamed son of Zebedee (21:2)  2. John
 5. Philip  5. Philip  5. Philip Philip of Bethsaida (1:43–44)  5. Philip
 6. Bartholomew  6. Bartholomew  6. Bartholomew Nathanael of Cana (1:45–49; 21:2)**  7. Bartholomew
 7. Thomas  8. Thomas  8. Thomas Thomas called the Twin (11:16)  6. Thomas
 8. Matthew the tax collector  7. Matthew (Levi, son of Alphaeus, a tax collector, 2:14)  7. Matthew (Levi, tax collector, 5:27)  8. Matthew
 9. James the son of Alphaeus  9. James the son of Alphaeus  9. James the son of Alphaeus  9. James the son of Alphaeus
10. Thaddaeus 10. Thaddaeus 11. Judas the son of James Judas (not Iscariot) (14:22) 11. Judas the son of James
11. Simon the Zealot 11. Simon the Zealot 10. Simon who was called the Zealot 10. Simon the Zealot
12. Judas Iscariot 12. Judas Iscariot 12. Judas Iscariot Judas the son of Simon Iscariot (6:71) 12. Matthias replaces Judas [who had died] (Acts 1:26)

*Others in the NT are regarded as apostles besides the Twelve, notably James the brother of Jesus (Acts 15:12–21; 1 Cor. 15:7; Gal. 1:19), Paul (Acts 14:4, 14; 1 Cor. 9:1; 15:8–9), and Barnabas (Acts 14:4, 14).

**Nathanael is probably Bartholomew, since he is closely associated with Philip. He is certainly not Levi/Matthew, who already has two names and who was from Capernaum. It is possible but unlikely that he is Thaddeus/Judas or Simon the Zealot.

Itinerary of Paul’s First Journey

Itinerary of Paul’s First Journey

City Province/Region Reference
Antioch Syria 13:1–3
Seleucia Syria 13:4
Salamis Cyprus 13:5
Paphos Cyprus 13:6–12
Perga Lycia (region of Pamphylia) 13:13
Antioch Galatia (region of Pisidia) 13:14–52
Iconium Galatia 14:1–6
Lystra Galatia (region of Lycaonia) 14:6, 8–19
Derbe Galatia (region of Lycaonia) 14:6, 20–21
Lystra Galatia (region of Lycaonia) 14:21–23
Iconium Galatia 14:21–23
Antioch Galatia (region of Pisidia) 14:24
Perga Lycia (region of Pamphylia) 14:24–25
Attalia Lycia 14:25
Antioch Syria 14:26–28
Luke

Luke

Luke was a doctor (Col. 4:14) and a faithful companion of Paul, accompanying him on several journeys. He was with Paul throughout his two-year imprisonments in both Caesarea and Rome. He is the author of the Gospel bearing his name and the book of Acts, where he records his travels with Paul. Little else is known about Luke. Most scholars believe that he was a Gentile. This is based in part on the fact that Paul does not include Luke among the “men of the circumcision” who were his fellow workers (Col. 4:10–11). How Luke came to know Christ is not revealed, though his thorough acquaintance with the OT suggests that he may have been a “God-fearer” like Cornelius before becoming a Christian. (Acts 21:1–8)

John Mark

John Mark

John Mark was probably Barnabas’s cousin (Col. 4:10). The early church at Jerusalem met at the home of his mother, Mary (Acts 12:12). He accompanied Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey, but then chose to leave them. As a result, Paul refused to take him along on his second expedition. However, it seems that Mark eventually regained Paul’s favor (2 Tim. 4:11). He ultimately demonstrated his effectiveness and commitment as a missionary pioneer and as the author of the Gospel of Mark. He was closely associated with the apostle Peter, who refers to Mark as his “son” (1 Pet. 5:13). (2 Timothy 4:11)

Herod Agrippa I

Herod Agrippa I

Herod Agrippa I was a grandson of Herod the Great. He grew up in Rome, where the future Roman emperors Gaius (Caligula) and Claudius were his childhood playmates. It was largely due to these friendships that Herod was granted rule over various territories in Judea. Herod was a violent persecutor of Christians, perhaps because he believed such persecution would help him gain favor with the Jews (12:3). He executed James, and had Peter put in prison. Following a well-received speech given to the people of Tyre and Sidon, Herod was enthusiastically praised as a god. Rather than reject the people’s worship, he embraced it. The Bible says that because of this demonstration of godless pride, an angel of the Lord immediately struck him down, and he died a gruesome death (12:23). (Acts 12:1–3)

Barnabas

Barnabas

Barnabas was a Levite from Cyprus. His birth name was Joseph, but the apostles called him Barnabas, which means “son of encouragement.” The nickname fit his personality well. Following Paul’s conversion, the Christians in Jerusalem were initially afraid of their former persecutor. Barnabas, however, befriended Paul and introduced him to the apostles. He brought Paul to Antioch to help build a church there (11:25–26), and became Paul’s companion on his first missionary journey. The two men eventually had a sharp disagreement over John Mark, who had left Paul and Barnabas before the end of the first journey. As a result of the disagreement, Paul and Barnabas went their separate ways. While Paul chose Silas as his companion for his second journey, Barnabas took Mark on a separate mission back to Cyprus to strengthen the church there. (Acts 11:22–26)

Peter

Peter

Peter and his brother Andrew were from the city of Bethsaida. The two fishermen were the first disciples called by Jesus, and they immediately left everything to follow him. Jesus gave Simon the name Cephas, or Peter, which means “rock” (John 1:42). Peter, James, and John became the close inner circle among the 12 disciples. Always listed first among the Twelve, Peter often served as their spokesman. He was with Jesus during the key events of his ministry, including the Transfiguration. Peter was one of Jesus’ most outspoken and passionate followers, though at times that enthusiasm was misplaced and needed a word of correction from Jesus (Matt. 19:27–30; 26:31–35, 69–75). Peter preached boldly at Pentecost. He was arrested multiple times, and even imprisoned, for preaching in the name of Jesus, but he remained faithful (Acts 12:1–19). Peter wrote the two NT letters that bear his name. He died a martyr in Rome, under Nero. (Matthew 16:13–20)

James

James

James and his brother John were fishermen. Together with their father Zebedee, they were mending their nets when Jesus called them to be disciples. Jesus called James and John the “Sons of Thunder” (Mark 3:17; see Luke 9:54). James, along with Peter and John, were the disciples closest to Jesus. They were with the Lord during many of the key moments of his ministry. James was with Jesus at the Transfiguration, where Jesus revealed his divine glory. He was also with Jesus when he healed Jairus’s daughter (Mark 5:37). When Jesus prayed at Gethsemane, he asked James, John, and Peter to share with him the agonizing time of anticipation and sorrow as he faced the cross (Matt. 26:37). James was later executed by Herod, becoming the first apostle to die for his faith (Acts 12:1–3). (Matthew 4:21–22)

Study Notes

Acts 12:1 Herod was Herod Agrippa I, a grandson of Herod the Great (see note on Matt. 2:1). He ruled over various territories in Judea until his kingdom reached the full extent of his grandfather’s territory (A.D. 41–44).

Study Notes

Acts 12:2 The martyred James was Jesus’ disciple, son of Zebedee and brother of John.

Study Notes

Acts 12:3 The days of Unleavened Bread, the seven days following the Passover meal, were considered holy and were not to be violated by an execution.

James

James

James and his brother John were fishermen. Together with their father Zebedee, they were mending their nets when Jesus called them to be disciples. Jesus called James and John the “Sons of Thunder” (Mark 3:17; see Luke 9:54). James, along with Peter and John, were the disciples closest to Jesus. They were with the Lord during many of the key moments of his ministry. James was with Jesus at the Transfiguration, where Jesus revealed his divine glory. He was also with Jesus when he healed Jairus’s daughter (Mark 5:37). When Jesus prayed at Gethsemane, he asked James, John, and Peter to share with him the agonizing time of anticipation and sorrow as he faced the cross (Matt. 26:37). James was later executed by Herod, becoming the first apostle to die for his faith (Acts 12:1–3). (Matthew 4:21–22)

Study Notes

Acts 12:4 The prison was probably the Tower of Antonia (see note on 21:31–32). The use of four squads of soldiers reflects Roman practice: one squad of four soldiers for each of the four three-hour watches of the night. Passover refers to the entire spring festival that includes Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread.

Study Notes

Acts 12:12 John whose other name was Mark will be a major figure in the next three chapters. He goes with Paul and Barnabas on the first part of their first missionary journey but leaves them (see v. 25; 13:5, 13). Mark later accompanied Peter (see 1 Pet. 5:13). There is substantial evidence from the early church that he wrote the Gospel of Mark (see Introduction to Mark: Author, Date, and Recipients).

John Mark

John Mark

John Mark was probably Barnabas’s cousin (Col. 4:10). The early church at Jerusalem met at the home of his mother, Mary (Acts 12:12). He accompanied Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey, but then chose to leave them. As a result, Paul refused to take him along on his second expedition. However, it seems that Mark eventually regained Paul’s favor (2 Tim. 4:11). He ultimately demonstrated his effectiveness and commitment as a missionary pioneer and as the author of the Gospel of Mark. He was closely associated with the apostle Peter, who refers to Mark as his “son” (1 Pet. 5:13). (2 Timothy 4:11)

Study Notes

Acts 12:17 James here is the brother of Jesus (see Introduction to James: Author, Date, and Recipients; Gal. 1:19), not James the brother of John (who was killed by Herod, Acts 12:2). From this point forward in Acts, James seems to be the most prominent leader among the apostles in Jerusalem (see 15:13–21; 21:18). For some reason Peter no longer remained the leader and spokesman in Jerusalem. Rather, he went to another place, possibly either Rome or Antioch.

Study Notes

Acts 12:18–19 In executing the sentries (guards), Herod followed Roman practice. Soldiers who lost their prisoners were subject to the same penalty as that due to the prisoners. Caesarea (see note on 8:40).

Peter

Peter

Peter and his brother Andrew were from the city of Bethsaida. The two fishermen were the first disciples called by Jesus, and they immediately left everything to follow him. Jesus gave Simon the name Cephas, or Peter, which means “rock” (John 1:42). Peter, James, and John became the close inner circle among the 12 disciples. Always listed first among the Twelve, Peter often served as their spokesman. He was with Jesus during the key events of his ministry, including the Transfiguration. Peter was one of Jesus’ most outspoken and passionate followers, though at times that enthusiasm was misplaced and needed a word of correction from Jesus (Matt. 19:27–30; 26:31–35, 69–75). Peter preached boldly at Pentecost. He was arrested multiple times, and even imprisoned, for preaching in the name of Jesus, but he remained faithful (Acts 12:1–19). Peter wrote the two NT letters that bear his name. He died a martyr in Rome, under Nero. (Matthew 16:13–20)

Study Notes

Acts 12:20 A chamberlain was a trusted personal assistant to a high government official.

Study Notes

Acts 6:1–12:25 The Witness beyond Jerusalem. Beginning with Greek-speaking Jewish Christians in Jerusalem (6:1–7), the Christian gospel was proclaimed to an ever-widening circle—to Samaria (8:4–25), to an Ethiopian (8:26–40), to a Gentile God-fearer (10:1–48), and to the Gentiles of Antioch (11:19–30). The stage was then set for Paul’s ministry that would go to the “end of the earth” (chs. 13–28; compare 1:8).

Acts 12:25 their service. That is, their famine relief journey to Jerusalem (see 11:29–30).

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Paul Collects an Offering for Judea

Paul Collects an Offering for Judea

Activity Text Date
The church in Antioch sends Barnabas and Paul to Judea with relief funds. Acts 11:29–30; 12:25 c. A.D. 44–47
James, Cephas, and John encourage Paul to remember the poor, which he is eager to do. Gal. 2:10 c. 44–47
Paul raises support for the Christians in Jerusalem while in Ephesus. 1 Cor. 16:1–4 (see note on Acts 20:4) c. 53–55
Paul raises support for the Christians in Jerusalem while in Macedonia. 2 Corinthians 8–9 c. 55–56
Paul raises support for the Christians in Jerusalem while in Achaia. Rom. 15:25–33 (see note on Acts 20:3) Spring of 57
Paul is arrested when he arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the gift. Acts 24:17 (see Acts 21:17–33) Pentecost, 57
Acts Fact #11: The death of James

Fact: The death of James

The death of James. In Mark 10:39, Jesus implies that the brothers James and John would suffer a similar death to his. For James, this was fulfilled when Herod Agrippa I, Roman ruler over Palestine, ordered his execution (Acts 12:2).

Herod Agrippa I

Herod Agrippa I

Herod Agrippa I was a grandson of Herod the Great. He grew up in Rome, where the future Roman emperors Gaius (Caligula) and Claudius were his childhood playmates. It was largely due to these friendships that Herod was granted rule over various territories in Judea. Herod was a violent persecutor of Christians, perhaps because he believed such persecution would help him gain favor with the Jews (12:3). He executed James, and had Peter put in prison. Following a well-received speech given to the people of Tyre and Sidon, Herod was enthusiastically praised as a god. Rather than reject the people’s worship, he embraced it. The Bible says that because of this demonstration of godless pride, an angel of the Lord immediately struck him down, and he died a gruesome death (12:23). (Acts 12:1–3)

Study Notes

Acts 13:1 Prophets and teachers are always distinct offices in the NT church. See note on 1 Cor. 12:10 and other notes on 1 Corinthians 12–14. Niger indicates he likely came from Africa, as did the Cyrenean Lucius. (Cyrene was the capital city of a Roman province on the north coast of Africa; see Acts 2:10.) Herod the tetrarch is Herod Antipas, who reigned in Galilee 4 B.C.–A.D. 39, during Jesus’ ministry (Matt. 14:1; Luke 3:1; 23:8; Acts 4:27). He was a son of Herod the Great (Matt. 2:1). Manaen, as a lifelong friend of Herod Antipas, would have been brought up with him from childhood.

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Major Events in the Life of the Apostle Paul

Major Events in the Life of the Apostle Paul

A.D. 5–10? Born in Tarsus, an Israelite from the tribe of Benjamin and a Roman citizen (Acts 22:3, 28; Rom. 11:1; Phil. 3:5); raised in either Jerusalem (Acts 22:3?) or Tarsus
15–20? Trained as a Pharisee by Gamaliel I (Acts 22:3; 26:5; Gal. 1:14; Phil. 3:5–6)
30/33? Death, resurrection of Christ
31–34 Present at Stephen’s stoning; persecuted Christians (Acts 7:58; 8:1; 22:4a; 26:9–11; 1 Cor. 15:9; Gal. 1:13; Phil. 3:6)
33/34* Converted, called, and commissioned on the way to Damascus (Acts 9:1–19; 22:6–11; 26:12–18; Gal. 1:15–16)
33/34–36/37 Stays in Damascus a short time (Acts 9:19b); leaves for Arabia (2 Cor. 11:32; Gal. 1:17); returns to Damascus (Gal. 1:17; Acts 9:20–22?); escapes through city wall to avoid arrest (Acts 9:23–24; 2 Cor. 11:32–33)
36/37* Meets with Peter, sees James, in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18) Hellenists seek to kill him; flees to Tarsus (Acts 9:28–30; Gal. 1:21)
37–45 Ministers in Syria/Cilicia (2 Cor. 11:22–27?)
44–47* Ministers with Barnabas in Antioch (Acts 11:25–26) Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10)
46–47 First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26): 1.5 years?
48* With Barnabas, spends “no little time” in Antioch (Acts 14:28; Gal. 2:11–14); writes Galatians
48–49* Returns to Jerusalem for the apostolic council (Acts 15); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30–33), but dispute over John Mark causes them to part ways (Acts 15:36–41)
48/49–51* Second Missionary Journey (Acts 15:36–18:22): 2.5 years?
49 Paul and Silas travel to southern Galatia through Asia Minor, on to Macedonia (Philippi [1 Thess. 2:2]); Thessalonica [1 Thess. 2:2; Phil. 4:15–16]; and Berea [Acts 17:10–15]), and then to Achaia (Athens [1 Thess. 3:1] and Corinth [2 Cor. 11:7–9])
49–51* Spends 1.5 years in Corinth (Acts 18:11); appears before Gallio (Acts 18:12–17); writes 1 and 2 Thessalonians
51 Returns to Jerusalem? (Acts 18:22)
52–57* Third Missionary Journey (Acts 18:23–21:17): 5 years?
52 Travels to Antioch, spends “some time”; travels through Galatia and Phrygia (Acts 18:23)
52–55 Arrives in Ephesus (Acts 19:1; 1 Cor. 16:8); ministers for three years (Acts 20:31) and writes 1 Corinthians; makes brief, “painful visit” to Corinth (2 Cor. 2:1), then returns to Ephesus and writes “severe letter” (now lost) to Corinth (2 Cor. 2:3–4; 7:8–16)
55–56* Travels north to Macedonia, meets Titus (Acts 20:1; 2 Cor. 2:12–13); writes 2 Corinthians
57* Winters in Corinth (Acts 20:2–3; 2 Cor. 9:4), writes to the Romans from Corinth; travels to Jerusalem; is arrested (Acts 21:27–36)
57–59 Transferred as prisoner to Caesarea, stays for two years (Acts 24:27)
60* Voyage to Rome; shipwrecked, spends three months on Malta (Acts 28:11); finally arrives in Rome
62* Under house-arrest in Rome (Acts 28:30–31), writes Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon
62–67 Released from house-arrest in Rome, travels to Spain (?), writes 1 Timothy (from Macedonia?) and Titus (from Nicopolis); is rearrested, writes 2 Timothy from Rome, is martyred

* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or

Study Notes

Acts 13:2 While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting. “They” likely refers to the whole congregation, although the five prophets may well have given the Spirit’s message.

Study Notes

Acts 13:3 they. Probably the entire congregation. The laying on of hands was a “commissioning,” indicating the church’s support of the two in their mission. It also provided a physical symbol of giving the Holy Spirit’s power to them (see 6:6; 8:17; 9:17; 19:6).

Study Notes

Acts 13:4 Setting out from Antioch (v. 1), Paul and Barnabas traveled about 16 miles (26 km) down to the port city of Seleucia.

Study Notes

Acts 13:5 Salamis was the closest port of Cyprus (about 130 miles [209 km] southwest of Seleucia). John (John Mark) was an assistant to Paul and Barnabas (see note on 12:12). They began their witness in the synagogues of the Jews, a pattern regularly followed by Paul (17:1–2). This was a natural starting point, since the Jewish people already believed that the OT Scriptures were the authoritative and truthful words of God.

Study Notes

Acts 13:6 Paphos was 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Salamis. It was the seat of the Roman government of Cyprus. Bar-Jesus. Paul’s later description of him as a “son of the devil” suggests that his “magic” was assisted by demonic powers. Both pagan and Jewish people practiced magic. Its goals included healing diseases, bringing physical blessings, cursing or otherwise harming others, and guarding against both curses and demons. Magicians also claimed to know the future.

Study Notes

Acts 13:7 The proconsul was the highest-ranking official in a Roman senatorial province.

Study Notes

Acts 13:8 Bar-Jesus, also known as Elymas, opposed the missionaries because he viewed them as a threat to his profitable relationship with the proconsul.

Study Notes

Acts 13:9 This verse marks the transition in Acts from Saul to Paul. Now that he is working in Gentile territory, the Hebrew Saul becomes known by his Roman name, Paul. He will be so named throughout the rest of Acts, except in 22:7, 13, and 26:14, which recall earlier events.

Study Notes

Acts 13:4–12 The two missionaries worked first on Cyprus, Barnabas’s home (4:36). The events of Paul’s first missionary journey are recorded in 13:4–14:26. It likely began in A.D. 46 or 47 and lasted perhaps a year and a half.

Acts 13:11–12 the proconsul believed. Throughout Acts, miracles have a significant role in bringing unbelievers to genuine faith.

Acts Fact #18: Magic

Fact: Magic

In the Greco-Roman world, many used magic to heal, to curse, or to control evil spirits. Paul encountered such magicians on his missionary journeys (8:9–24; 13:6–12). He showed how Jesus’ power greatly surpasses any magical spells, and many former magicians became believers (19:17–20).

Study Notes

Acts 13:13 Perga was 8 miles (13 km) inland. Paul does not seem to have remained there long, but witnessed there on his return journey (14:25). The reason for John Mark’s departure is not specified. Paul’s later conflict with Barnabas (15:36–41) shows that he was not pleased that John Mark left.

Study Notes

Acts 13:14 Antioch in Pisidia. The city had a large Jewish population. It had the high status of being a Roman “colony.” synagogue. See notes on v. 5; Rom. 1:16.

Study Notes

Acts 13:15 The regular synagogue service centered around the reading of Scriptures from the Law and the Prophets. rulers. Worship was led by the ruling elder.

Study Notes

Acts 13:20 About 450 years seems to cover the period from Israel’s time in Egypt (400 years) through the wilderness (40 years) and conquest (about 10 years), to the judges.

Study Notes

Acts 13:31 For many days he appeared suggests that there were more resurrection appearances of Jesus than are recorded in the Gospels.

Study Notes

Acts 13:38–39 freed. The Greek verb here is regularly translated “justified” and means “to declare innocent, to justify.” Many Jews sought to deal with their sin through living by the law of Moses. The law cannot free a person from sin, though. Not only do all people fail to keep it but it was never designed to bring about final atonement for sins (Gal. 3:10–14; Heb. 10:1–14).

Study Notes

Acts 13:16–41 Paul’s sermon consisted of three parts: a sketch of OT history (vv. 16b–25), God’s ultimate provision in Jesus Christ (vv. 26–37), and an invitation (vv. 38–41). You who fear God (v. 16) refers to the “God-fearers” in the synagogue (see note on 10:2).

Study Notes

Acts 13:44 Since the population of Antioch was mainly Gentile, almost the whole city indicates that the majority who came were Gentiles.

Study Notes

Acts 13:46–47 Citing Isa. 49:6, Paul stated he was now turning to the Gentiles. Paul and Barnabas do the work of the “servant” described in Isaiah because of their connection to Jesus, God’s servant. It was necessary to begin with the Jews since they were God’s chosen people and had priority in salvation history (see note on Rom. 1:16).

Study Notes

Acts 13:48 as many as were appointed to eternal life believed. Throughout Acts, Luke maintains a dual emphasis on divine election (“appointed”) and human response (“believed”) (see 2:23; 3:13–16; 3:17; 4:27; 4:28).

Study Notes

Acts 13:51 shook off the dust from their feet. See note on Matt. 10:14. Iconium was 90 miles (145 km) by road southeast from Pisidian Antioch.

Study Notes

Acts 13:42–52 Although the response at the synagogue was favorable, the Jews turned against Paul the next Sabbath when a large group of Gentiles showed up. Paul responded by preaching to the Gentiles, a pattern he continued in every city he visited.

Acts Fact #12: Antioch in Pisidia

Fact: Antioch in Pisidia

Antioch in Pisidia was one of 16 cities that the Syrian king Seleucus named after his father Anti­ochus. The city had a large Jewish population and the high status of being a Roman colony, probably Asia Minor’s most important. Designed to be a smaller version of Rome, it was organized into seven districts and possessed all the amenities that Rome afforded. These included an aqueduct, a bathhouse, and most notably its large sanctuary devoted to emperor worship.

Study Notes

Acts 14:1 Paul’s witness in Iconium followed the pattern in Pisidian Antioch; he began in the synagogue (see notes on 13:5; Rom. 1:16).

Study Notes

Acts 14:4 Both Paul and Barnabas are referred to as apostles (vv. 4, 14). The word has the general meaning of “one who is sent.” It is also used throughout the NT as a more technical term for someone chosen and commissioned by Christ for the proclamation of the gospel (Matt. 10:2; Luke 9:1; Acts 1:2, 15–26). Paul understood his calling as an apostle to be like the calling of the original Twelve in this technical sense, because he had seen Christ on the road to Damascus and had been specifically chosen and appointed by Christ (9:15; 26:16–17). See also 1 Cor. 9:2; 15:7–9; Gal. 1:1, 12, 16–17.

Study Notes

Acts 14:9 seeing that he had faith to be made well. The Holy Spirit gave Paul the ability to see what was happening in the invisible, spiritual realm.

Study Notes

Acts 14:11–13 The gods have come down to us in the likeness of men. Since the people were speaking in their native Lycaonian language, Paul and Barnabas were probably unaware of what was happening until the local priest began to offer sacrifice.

Study Notes
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The Twelve Apostles*

The Twelve Apostles*

Matthew 10:2–4 Mark 3:16–19 Luke 6:14–16 John (various verses) Acts 1:13
 1. Simon, who is called Peter  1. Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter)  1. Simon, whom he named Peter Simon Peter (1:40–42)  1. Peter
 2. Andrew his [Simon Peter’s] brother  4. Andrew  2. Andrew his [Simon Peter’s] brother Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother (1:40)  4. Andrew
 3. James the son of Zebedee  2. James the son of Zebedee  3. James unnamed son of Zebedee (21:2)  3. James
 4. John his [James’s] brother  3. John the brother of James  4. John unnamed son of Zebedee (21:2)  2. John
 5. Philip  5. Philip  5. Philip Philip of Bethsaida (1:43–44)  5. Philip
 6. Bartholomew  6. Bartholomew  6. Bartholomew Nathanael of Cana (1:45–49; 21:2)**  7. Bartholomew
 7. Thomas  8. Thomas  8. Thomas Thomas called the Twin (11:16)  6. Thomas
 8. Matthew the tax collector  7. Matthew (Levi, son of Alphaeus, a tax collector, 2:14)  7. Matthew (Levi, tax collector, 5:27)  8. Matthew
 9. James the son of Alphaeus  9. James the son of Alphaeus  9. James the son of Alphaeus  9. James the son of Alphaeus
10. Thaddaeus 10. Thaddaeus 11. Judas the son of James Judas (not Iscariot) (14:22) 11. Judas the son of James
11. Simon the Zealot 11. Simon the Zealot 10. Simon who was called the Zealot 10. Simon the Zealot
12. Judas Iscariot 12. Judas Iscariot 12. Judas Iscariot Judas the son of Simon Iscariot (6:71) 12. Matthias replaces Judas [who had died] (Acts 1:26)

*Others in the NT are regarded as apostles besides the Twelve, notably James the brother of Jesus (Acts 15:12–21; 1 Cor. 15:7; Gal. 1:19), Paul (Acts 14:4, 14; 1 Cor. 9:1; 15:8–9), and Barnabas (Acts 14:4, 14).

**Nathanael is probably Bartholomew, since he is closely associated with Philip. He is certainly not Levi/Matthew, who already has two names and who was from Capernaum. It is possible but unlikely that he is Thaddeus/Judas or Simon the Zealot.

Study Notes

Acts 14:14–15 who made the heaven and the earth. Since the Lystrans believed in many gods, it was necessary to begin with the basic message that the Israelite God is the Creator of all that exists.

Study Notes

Acts 14:17 rains . . . and fruitful seasons. Paul tells them their regular harvests, the food they eat every day, and the gladness they experience in the ordinary activities of life are all a witness from God of his existence, wisdom, and goodness. The themes of this short speech will be developed in the speech at Mars Hill (17:16–34). These are the two occasions where Paul speaks to Gentiles who worship idols.

Study Notes

Acts 14:19 Iconium and Antioch were more than 100 miles (161 km) distant by road.

Study Notes

Acts 14:20 The presence of disciples indicates that, despite the opposition, a group of believers was established at Lystra (including Timothy; 16:1).

Study Notes

Acts 14:21 Derbe, about 58 miles (93 km) southeast of Lystra, marked the farthest point in Paul’s first journey. From that city (Derbe) Paul could have continued on south to his starting point of Syrian Antioch on foot. This would have been much easier than going back through Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch. Taking this longer route shows the importance Paul attached to maintaining contact with his churches and establishing local elders—even in the cities where he faced violent opposition.

Study Notes

Acts 14:22 many tribulations. See Paul’s account of his persecutions in 2 Tim. 3:10–12.

Study Notes

Acts 14:8–23 Lystra was populated mainly by Gentiles and had no synagogue. The ministry of Paul and Barnabas there centered around the healing of a lame man.

Acts 14:23 Paul’s churches followed the synagogue pattern of leadership by elders. The language here indicates several elders in every church (see also, e.g., 11:30; 15:6; 20:17; 1 Tim. 5:17; Titus 1:5; 1 Pet. 5:5). See also note on 1 Sam. 4:3.

Study Notes

Acts 14:24–26 Paul and Barnabas retraced their steps south to Perga and the port city of Attalia. They then sailed home to their sponsoring congregation in Syrian Antioch. This time they shared the gospel in Perga (see note on 13:13). the work. See 13:2. It was perhaps during this time in Antioch that Paul penned his letter to the Galatians (c. A.D. 48).

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Major Events in the Life of the Apostle Paul

Major Events in the Life of the Apostle Paul

A.D. 5–10? Born in Tarsus, an Israelite from the tribe of Benjamin and a Roman citizen (Acts 22:3, 28; Rom. 11:1; Phil. 3:5); raised in either Jerusalem (Acts 22:3?) or Tarsus
15–20? Trained as a Pharisee by Gamaliel I (Acts 22:3; 26:5; Gal. 1:14; Phil. 3:5–6)
30/33? Death, resurrection of Christ
31–34 Present at Stephen’s stoning; persecuted Christians (Acts 7:58; 8:1; 22:4a; 26:9–11; 1 Cor. 15:9; Gal. 1:13; Phil. 3:6)
33/34* Converted, called, and commissioned on the way to Damascus (Acts 9:1–19; 22:6–11; 26:12–18; Gal. 1:15–16)
33/34–36/37 Stays in Damascus a short time (Acts 9:19b); leaves for Arabia (2 Cor. 11:32; Gal. 1:17); returns to Damascus (Gal. 1:17; Acts 9:20–22?); escapes through city wall to avoid arrest (Acts 9:23–24; 2 Cor. 11:32–33)
36/37* Meets with Peter, sees James, in Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30; Gal. 1:18) Hellenists seek to kill him; flees to Tarsus (Acts 9:28–30; Gal. 1:21)
37–45 Ministers in Syria/Cilicia (2 Cor. 11:22–27?)
44–47* Ministers with Barnabas in Antioch (Acts 11:25–26) Second Visit to Jerusalem; time of famine (Acts 11:27–30; Gal. 2:1–10)
46–47 First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26): 1.5 years?
48* With Barnabas, spends “no little time” in Antioch (Acts 14:28; Gal. 2:11–14); writes Galatians
48–49* Returns to Jerusalem for the apostolic council (Acts 15); Paul and Barnabas return to Antioch (Acts 15:30–33), but dispute over John Mark causes them to part ways (Acts 15:36–41)
48/49–51* Second Missionary Journey (Acts 15:36–18:22): 2.5 years?
49 Paul and Silas travel to southern Galatia through Asia Minor, on to Macedonia (Philippi [1 Thess. 2:2]); Thessalonica [1 Thess. 2:2; Phil. 4:15–16]; and Berea [Acts 17:10–15]), and then to Achaia (Athens [1 Thess. 3:1] and Corinth [2 Cor. 11:7–9])
49–51* Spends 1.5 years in Corinth (Acts 18:11); appears before Gallio (Acts 18:12–17); writes 1 and 2 Thessalonians
51 Returns to Jerusalem? (Acts 18:22)
52–57* Third Missionary Journey (Acts 18:23–21:17): 5 years?
52 Travels to Antioch, spends “some time”; travels through Galatia and Phrygia (Acts 18:23)
52–55 Arrives in Ephesus (Acts 19:1; 1 Cor. 16:8); ministers for three years (Acts 20:31) and writes 1 Corinthians; makes brief, “painful visit” to Corinth (2 Cor. 2:1), then returns to Ephesus and writes “severe letter” (now lost) to Corinth (2 Cor. 2:3–4; 7:8–16)
55–56* Travels north to Macedonia, meets Titus (Acts 20:1; 2 Cor. 2:12–13); writes 2 Corinthians
57* Winters in Corinth (Acts 20:2–3; 2 Cor. 9:4), writes to the Romans from Corinth; travels to Jerusalem; is arrested (Acts 21:27–36)
57–59 Transferred as prisoner to Caesarea, stays for two years (Acts 24:27)
60* Voyage to Rome; shipwrecked, spends three months on Malta (Acts 28:11); finally arrives in Rome
62* Under house-arrest in Rome (Acts 28:30–31), writes Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon
62–67 Released from house-arrest in Rome, travels to Spain (?), writes 1 Timothy (from Macedonia?) and Titus (from Nicopolis); is rearrested, writes 2 Timothy from Rome, is martyred

* denotes approximate date; / signifies either/or

Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26)

Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26)

c. A.D. 46–47

Barnabas and Paul first visited Barnabas’s home region of Cyprus before sailing to the southern region of Asia Minor. When they reached Perga in Pamphylia, John Mark left the group and returned to Jerusalem. Making their way to Antioch (in Pisidia), Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, Paul and Barnabas were driven out of each city by jealous Jewish religious leaders. Later they returned by the same route, strengthening the new churches as they went. From Attalia they set sail for their home in Antioch of Syria.

Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26)

Study Notes

Acts 14:27 opened a door. An expression Paul used elsewhere (e.g., 1 Cor. 16:9).

Study Notes

Acts 13:1–14:28 The Witness in Cyprus and Southern Galatia. Chapters 13 and 14 relate Paul’s “first missionary journey.” Sent by the Antioch church, Paul and Barnabas witnessed on Cyprus and in the southern cities of the Roman province of Galatia.

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Itinerary of Paul’s First Journey

Itinerary of Paul’s First Journey

City Province/Region Reference
Antioch Syria 13:1–3
Seleucia Syria 13:4
Salamis Cyprus 13:5
Paphos Cyprus 13:6–12
Perga Lycia (region of Pamphylia) 13:13
Antioch Galatia (region of Pisidia) 13:14–52
Iconium Galatia 14:1–6
Lystra Galatia (region of Lycaonia) 14:6, 8–19
Derbe Galatia (region of Lycaonia) 14:6, 20–21
Lystra Galatia (region of Lycaonia) 14:21–23
Iconium Galatia 14:21–23
Antioch Galatia (region of Pisidia) 14:24
Perga Lycia (region of Pamphylia) 14:24–25
Attalia Lycia 14:25
Antioch Syria 14:26–28
Acts Fact #13: Why did they try to worship Paul and Barnabas?

Fact: Why did they try to worship Paul and Barnabas?

Why did they try to worship Paul and Barnabas? When Paul performed a miracle in Lystra, the people treated him and Barnabas as gods (14:8–18). They did this because of a local myth about the gods Hermes and Zeus visiting their region in human form, seeking hospitality. Only one couple gave them shelter, and as a result they were spared when the gods drowned everyone else as punishment.

Barnabas

Barnabas

Barnabas was a Levite from Cyprus. His birth name was Joseph, but the apostles called him Barnabas, which means “son of encouragement.” The nickname fit his personality well. Following Paul’s conversion, the Christians in Jerusalem were initially afraid of their former persecutor. Barnabas, however, befriended Paul and introduced him to the apostles. He brought Paul to Antioch to help build a church there (11:25–26), and became Paul’s companion on his first missionary journey. The two men eventually had a sharp disagreement over John Mark, who had left Paul and Barnabas before the end of the first journey. As a result of the disagreement, Paul and Barnabas went their separate ways. While Paul chose Silas as his companion for his second journey, Barnabas took Mark on a separate mission back to Cyprus to strengthen the church there. (Acts 11:22–26)

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Dive Deeper | Acts 12-14

In Acts 12–14, we witness the birth of something world-changing: the first intentional missionary journey of the church, led by Paul and Barnabas.

In Acts 12, the early church faces intense persecution. James is martyred, and Peter is imprisoned. Yet, God shows his power through Peter's miraculous escape from prison, reminding us that no earthly force can stop the gospel.

In Acts 13, after the church in Antioch fasted, prayed, and worshiped, "While they were worshiping the Lord and fasting, the Holy Spirit said, 'Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them.'" (Acts 13:2) This moment marks a new phase in God's redemptive plan, with the gospel moving from a local flame to a global fire. No longer confined to one people or place, the message of Jesus was now going to the Gentiles, fulfilling Jesus' words in Acts 1:8: "But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth."

As Paul and Barnabas traveled from Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, they faced both eager listeners and fierce opposition. Paul's message in Acts 13:38-39 boldly proclaims the heart of the gospel: through Jesus, forgiveness and freedom are offered, something the law could never accomplish—true freedom from sin, which Christ accomplished fully on the cross.  

In Acts 14, the journey continues with miracles, opposition, and the planting of new churches. Despite hardships, Paul and Barnabas remain faithful, strengthening disciples, and appointing leaders.

Through trials, miracles, and perseverance, these chapters remind us that the Church's mission is not built on human strength but on the Spirit's direction. The same Spirit who called Paul is still calling the Church today. We are to go, to proclaim, and to trust that the gospel continues its journey to the ends of the earth.

This month's memory verse

"There is no difference between Jew and Gentile, for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, and all are justified freely by his grace through the redemption that came by Christ Jesus.” (NIV)

– Romans 3:22b-24

Discussion Questions

1. Where is the Holy Spirit prompting you to "set off" in obedience? Perhaps not a far country, but a neighbor, a coworker, or a friend who needs to hear of the forgiveness and freedom found in Jesus?

2. How has the freedom and forgiveness of Christ changed the way you live?

3. What can we learn from the perseverance and courage of Paul and Barnabas in the face of rejection and persecution?

4. How can we remain faithful to God's mission even when it's difficult or unpopular?