September 10, 2025
God's Love for the Nations
Obadiah; Jonah 1:1-4:11
Will Gullette
Big Book Idea
Even in the Old Testament, God cared about the nations.
Key Verse | Jonah 3:5
And the people of Nineveh believed God. They called for a fast and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them to the least of them.
Obadiah; Jonah 1:1-4:11
Chapter 1
Jonah Flees the Presence of the LORD
1 Now the word of the LORD came to Jonah the son of Amittai, saying, 2 “Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and call out against it, for their evil 1 1:2 The same Hebrew word can mean evil or disaster, depending on the context; so throughout Jonah has come up before me.” 3 But Jonah rose to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the LORD. He went down to Joppa and found a ship going to Tarshish. So he paid the fare and went down into it, to go with them to Tarshish, away from the presence of the LORD.
4 But the LORD hurled a great wind upon the sea, and there was a mighty tempest on the sea, so that the ship threatened to break up. 5 Then the mariners were afraid, and each cried out to his god. And they hurled the cargo that was in the ship into the sea to lighten it for them. But Jonah had gone down into the inner part of the ship and had lain down and was fast asleep. 6 So the captain came and said to him, “What do you mean, you sleeper? Arise, call out to your god! Perhaps the god will give a thought to us, that we may not perish.”
Jonah Is Thrown into the Sea
7 And they said to one another, “Come, let us cast lots, that we may know on whose account this evil has come upon us.” So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah. 8 Then they said to him, “Tell us on whose account this evil has come upon us. What is your occupation? And where do you come from? What is your country? And of what people are you?” 9 And he said to them, “I am a Hebrew, and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land.” 10 Then the men were exceedingly afraid and said to him, “What is this that you have done!” For the men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them.
11 Then they said to him, “What shall we do to you, that the sea may quiet down for us?” For the sea grew more and more tempestuous. 12 He said to them, “Pick me up and hurl me into the sea; then the sea will quiet down for you, for I know it is because of me that this great tempest has come upon you.” 13 Nevertheless, the men rowed hard 2 1:13 Hebrew the men dug in [their oars] to get back to dry land, but they could not, for the sea grew more and more tempestuous against them. 14 Therefore they called out to the LORD, “O LORD, let us not perish for this man's life, and lay not on us innocent blood, for you, O LORD, have done as it pleased you.” 15 So they picked up Jonah and hurled him into the sea, and the sea ceased from its raging. 16 Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and they offered a sacrifice to the LORD and made vows.
A Great Fish Swallows Jonah
17 3 1:17 Ch 2:1 in Hebrew And the LORD appointed 4 1:17 Or had appointed a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.
Chapter 2
Jonah's Prayer
1 Then Jonah prayed to the LORD his God from the belly of the fish, 2 saying,
“I called out to the LORD, out of my distress,
and he answered me;
out of the belly of Sheol I cried,
and you heard my voice.
3
For you cast me into the deep,
into the heart of the seas,
and the flood surrounded me;
all your waves and your billows
passed over me.
4
Then I said, ‘I am driven away
from your sight;
yet I shall again look
upon your holy temple.’
5
The waters closed in over me to take my life;
the deep surrounded me;
weeds were wrapped about my head
6
at the roots of the mountains.
I went down to the land
whose bars closed upon me forever;
yet you brought up my life from the pit,
O LORD my God.
7
When my life was fainting away,
I remembered the LORD,
and my prayer came to you,
into your holy temple.
8
Those who pay regard to vain idols
forsake their hope of steadfast love.
9
But I with the voice of thanksgiving
will sacrifice to you;
what I have vowed I will pay.
Salvation belongs to the LORD!”
10 And the LORD spoke to the fish, and it vomited Jonah out upon the dry land.
Chapter 3
Jonah Goes to Nineveh
1 Then the word of the LORD came to Jonah the second time, saying, 2 “Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and call out against it the message that I tell you.” 3 So Jonah arose and went to Nineveh, according to the word of the LORD. Now Nineveh was an exceedingly great city, 5 3:3 Hebrew a great city to God three days' journey in breadth. 6 3:3 Or a visit was a three days' journey 4 Jonah began to go into the city, going a day's journey. And he called out, “Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown!” 5 And the people of Nineveh believed God. They called for a fast and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them to the least of them.
The People of Nineveh Repent
6 The word reached 7 3:6 Or had reached the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, removed his robe, covered himself with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. 7 And he issued a proclamation and published through Nineveh, “By the decree of the king and his nobles: Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste anything. Let them not feed or drink water, 8 but let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and let them call out mightily to God. Let everyone turn from his evil way and from the violence that is in his hands. 9 Who knows? God may turn and relent and turn from his fierce anger, so that we may not perish.”
10 When God saw what they did, how they turned from their evil way, God relented of the disaster that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.
Chapter 4
Jonah's Anger and the LORD's Compassion
1 But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, 8 4:1 Hebrew it was exceedingly evil to Jonah and he was angry. 2 And he prayed to the LORD and said, “O LORD, is not this what I said when I was yet in my country? That is why I made haste to flee to Tarshish; for I knew that you are a gracious God and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love, and relenting from disaster. 3 Therefore now, O LORD, please take my life from me, for it is better for me to die than to live.” 4 And the LORD said, “Do you do well to be angry?”
5 Jonah went out of the city and sat to the east of the city and made a booth for himself there. He sat under it in the shade, till he should see what would become of the city. 6 Now the LORD God appointed a plant 9 4:6 Hebrew qiqayon, probably the castor oil plant; also verses 7, 9, 10 and made it come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to save him from his discomfort. 10 4:6 Or his evil So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the plant. 7 But when dawn came up the next day, God appointed a worm that attacked the plant, so that it withered. 8 When the sun rose, God appointed a scorching east wind, and the sun beat down on the head of Jonah so that he was faint. And he asked that he might die and said, “It is better for me to die than to live.” 9 But God said to Jonah, “Do you do well to be angry for the plant?” And he said, “Yes, I do well to be angry, angry enough to die.” 10 And the LORD said, “You pity the plant, for which you did not labor, nor did you make it grow, which came into being in a night and perished in a night. 11 And should not I pity Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 persons who do not know their right hand from their left, and also much cattle?”
Footnotes
[1] 1:2 The same Hebrew word can mean evil or disaster, depending on the context; so throughout Jonah[2] 1:13 Hebrew the men dug in [their oars]
[3] 1:17 Ch 2:1 in Hebrew
[4] 1:17 Or had appointed
[5] 3:3 Hebrew a great city to God
[6] 3:3 Or a visit was a three days' journey
[7] 3:6 Or had reached
[8] 4:1 Hebrew it was exceedingly evil to Jonah
[9] 4:6 Hebrew qiqayon, probably the castor oil plant; also verses 7, 9, 10
[10] 4:6 Or his evil
Table of Contents
Introduction to Jonah
Timeline
Author and Date
Jonah prophesied during the peaceful and prosperous time of Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14:23–28), who ruled in Israel (the northern kingdom) from 782 to 753 B.C. This was a time when Assyria was not a threat to Israel.
Overview
The Lord called Jonah to go to the great Assyrian city of Nineveh to pronounce judgment on it. Jonah attempted to escape the Lord’s calling by sailing from the seaport of Joppa to Tarshish, which was probably on the shores of the western Mediterranean. Eventually he obeyed the Lord and traveled overland to Nineveh.
Theme
The primary theme in Jonah is that God’s compassion is boundless, not limited just to “us” (Jonah and the Israelites) but also available for “them” (the pagan sailors and the Ninevites).
Key Themes
- God is in sovereign control over all events on the earth.
- God is determined to get his message to the nations.
- People need to repent from sin in general, and from self-centeredness and hypocrisy in particular.
- God promises that he will forgive when people repent.
Outline
The story of Jonah includes seven episodes, with the first three paralleled by the second three. The final episode stands alone as the climax of the story:
- A. Jonah’s commissioning and flight (1:1–3)
- B. Jonah and the pagan sailors (1:4–16)
- C. Jonah’s grateful prayer (1:17–2:10)
- A'. Jonah’s recommissioning and compliance (3:1–3a)
- B'. Jonah and the pagan Ninevites (3:3b–10)
- C'. Jonah’s angry prayer (4:1–4)
- D. Jonah’s lesson about compassion (4:5–11)
The Setting of Jonah
c. 760 B.C.
Jonah prophesied during the prosperous time of King Jeroboam II of Israel (2 Kings 14:23–28). During this time the Assyrians were occupied with matters elsewhere in the empire, allowing Jeroboam II to capture much of Syria for Israel. The Lord called Jonah to go to the great Assyrian city of Nineveh to pronounce judgment upon it. Jonah attempted to escape the Lord’s calling by sailing to Tarshish, which was probably in the western Mediterranean. Eventually he obeyed the Lord and went to Nineveh, at the heart of the Assyrian Empire.
Fact: Population of Nineveh
The population of Nineveh after the time of Sennacherib’s reign (704–681 B.C.) was close to 300,000, over twice as many people as in Jonah’s time. This huge population increase was due primarily to Sennacherib making Nineveh the capital of the Assyrian Empire. He created new streets and open spaces for trade and built his famous “palace without rival.” These attractions would have drawn thousands of people to live in Nineveh.
Fact: Tarshish
Tarshish was probably a city on the western shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which would have represented the very western edge of the known world in Jonah’s time. Jonah foolishly thought this far-off land would take him “away from the presence of the LORD” (1:3).
Fact: Nineveh
Nineveh was located along the Tigris River, across from what is now the city of Mosul in northern Iraq. Its location at the intersection of important trade routes made it strong and wealthy.
Jonah
God called the prophet Jonah to travel to the city of Nineveh and to speak out against it. Nineveh was an Assyrian city, part of an empire known for its cruelty, that had long threatened Israel. The last thing Jonah wanted was for these particular people to experience the mercy and compassion of the God of Israel. Therefore he rejected the Lord’s call and tried to travel as far as he possibly could in the opposite direction from Nineveh! After three days and three nights in the belly of a large fish, however, Jonah repented and went to Nineveh. He delivered a prophetic message against the city, just as the Lord had commanded. Much to Jonah’s surprise, the people of Nineveh repented, and the Lord relented from his plans to destroy them. Jonah learned that God is ready to show mercy to all who will turn their hearts to him. (Jonah 3:6–10)
Jonah 1:1 Son of Amittai means “son of my faithfulness.” Jonah will remain the object of God’s faithful love.
1:1–3 Jonah’s Commissioning and Flight. This episode records Jonah’s call to prophesy and his flight from that call. Two questions drive the plot: (1) What will happen to the Ninevites? and (2) What will happen to Jonah?
Jonah 1:3 Tarshish was somewhere in the western Mediterranean—the opposite direction from Nineveh. From the presence of the LORD is repeated to emphasize Jonah’s reason for going to Tarshish. Went down is also a euphemism for death (e.g., Gen. 37:35). Each step away from the presence of the Lord is one step closer to “going down” to death.
Fact: Tarshish
Tarshish was probably a city on the western shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which would have represented the very western edge of the known world in Jonah’s time. Jonah foolishly thought this far-off land would take him “away from the presence of the LORD” (1:3).
Jonah 1:9–10 made the sea. God created the very seas Jonah tries to use to flee. Jonah knows now that he cannot escape God’s presence (v. 3).
Jonah 1:15 The sailors’ actions are in harmony with God’s. As God had hurled the wind onto the sea (vv. 4–5) to start the storm, the sailors now hurl Jonah into the sea to stop the storm (v. 12).
Jonah 1:4–16 Jonah and the Pagan Sailors. These verses tell of Jonah’s encounter with pagan sailors. It raises the question, Who truly fears the Lord—Jonah, or the pagans? At the beginning and end the sailors “fear” (vv. 5, 16); in the middle Jonah claims to “fear” the Lord (v. 9) while the sailors actually fear (v. 10a).
Jonah 1:16 feared the LORD exceedingly. What started as a general fear (v. 5) grew into an intense fear (v. 10) and matured into the fear—that is, the reverent worship—of the Lord (v. 16).
Jonah 1:17 appointed. This is the first of four uses of “appoint” that highlight God’s sovereign control over creation (compare 4:6–8). Fish is a general word for a sea creature, which cannot be identified further. However, a large whale such as a sperm whale could easily swallow a man whole. three days and three nights. This likely describes the actual number of days, or parts of three days (compare 1 Sam. 30:12; 2 Kings 20:5, 8). The number three has associations with return from death or near-death. Perhaps this is why Jesus compared the time between his own death and resurrection to Jonah’s time in the fish (Matt. 12:40).
Jonah 2:1 Finally, Jonah prayed. He did not pray for God to save the pagan sailors, but he did thank God for saving him.
Jonah 2:2 Sheol refers to the realm of the dead. Jonah did not literally pray from Sheol but describes his near-death experience (see Ps. 30:2–3).
Jonah 2:3–4 you cast me. Jonah knew that God was working sovereignly through the sailors (1:15).
Jonah 2:6 you brought. Jonah’s salvation was by grace alone.
Jonah 2:8–9 Salvation belongs to the LORD. Jonah knows that God is the sovereign source of salvation (see 4:1–4).
Jonah 1:17–2:10 Jonah’s Grateful Prayer. Jonah’s prayer (2:2b–9) is framed by an introduction (1:17–2:2a) and a conclusion (2:10).
Jonah 3:1–2 The second time underscores God’s determination to get his message to the Ninevites and to use Jonah to take it to them.
3:1–3a Jonah’s Recommissioning and Compliance. The fourth episode parallels 1:1–3 and focuses on the question, “What will happen to the Ninevites?” (see note on 1:1–3).
Jonah 3:3b an exceedingly great city (see 1:2; 3:2; compare ESV footnote, “a great city to God”). Nineveh is important to God and will receive his great compassion. three days’ journey in breadth. The phrase may refer to the time it would take Jonah to walk across the city, preaching his message.
Jonah 3:6 The word that reached the king of Nineveh was the “word” of the Lord (see 1:1; 3:1, 3). The “king of Nineveh” was probably not the king of Assyria, since Nineveh was not an Assyrian capital in Jonah’s day.
Jonah 3:7–8 issued a proclamation. It is likely that v. 5 and vv. 6–9 are in topical rather than chronological order. By putting the people’s response ahead of the king’s order, the author underscores that they are responding to Jonah’s message, not just to the king’s command. The Ninevites each turn from his evil way, whereas the Israelites did not (see 2 Kings 17:13–14).
Jonah 3:3b–10 Jonah and the Pagan Ninevites. The fifth episode parallels the second (1:4–16) and focuses on how the pagan Ninevites, just like the pagan sailors, respond to God’s word. The structure follows the pattern of repentance found elsewhere in the OT: (1) message of divine judgment (3:3a–5); (2) account of human repenting (vv. 6–9); and (3) record of divine relenting (v. 10). Compare 1 Sam. 7:3–14; Joel 1–2.
Jonah 3:10 turned from their evil way, God relented of the disaster. “Evil” and “disaster” translate the same Hebrew word (see note on 1:2). The repetition of the same word shows the close connection between human action and divine response. God did not carry out the threatened disaster, because the Ninevites repented of their evil (see note on 3:4).
Jonah 4:2 This is Jonah’s second prayer. The repetition of prayed to the LORD (see 2:1) invites the reader to compare the two. gracious God . . . relenting from disaster. Ironically, this great confession of God’s compassionate nature (see Ex. 34:6–7; Ps. 145:8) is the cause of Jonah’s anger. When Jonah received steadfast love, it filled him with thanksgiving (Jonah 2:8). When God extended the same love to the Ninevites, it filled Jonah with anger.
Jonah 4:3 My life translates the Hebrew for “my soul,” and to live translates the Hebrew for “my life.” These two expressions occur in Jonah’s first prayer, where he is grateful that his “life” was brought up from the pit (2:6) and that his fainting “life/soul” was revived (2:7). When God extends the same mercy to the Ninevites, Jonah wishes his “life” and “soul” to be taken.
Jonah 4:1–4 Jonah’s Angry Prayer. The sixth episode parallels the third (1:17–2:10) and focuses on Jonah’s self-centeredness and hypocrisy. Both episodes have the same structure: (1) Jonah “prayed to the LORD” (1:17–2:1a and 4:1–2a); (2) Jonah’s prayer (2:1b–9 and 4:2b–3); and (3) “the LORD spoke/said” (2:10 and 4:4).
Jonah 4:6 the LORD God appointed. This is the second use of the verb “appoint” (see note on 1:17). Discomfort (or “evil”; see ESV footnote and note on 1:2) refers both to Jonah’s outer “discomfort” and to his inner “evil.” Jonah was exceedingly glad. The grammar of this phrase is identical to that at the beginning of 4:1 (“It displeased Jonah exceedingly”). This highlights the contrast between Jonah’s anger at the salvation of the Ninevites and his joy at his own salvation.
Jonah 4:5–11 Jonah’s Lesson about Compassion. The seventh and final episode has no parallel and thus stands out as the climax of the story.
Jonah 4:10–11 perished. Finally Jonah expresses concern over something perishing. Sadly, it is only the plant, not the 120,000 people who do not know their right hand from their left, which means that they were untaught regarding moral or spiritual issues.
The City of Nineveh
Nineveh, which was situated at the confluence of the Tigris and Khoser rivers (modern-day Mosul, Iraq), was first settled in the seventh millennium B.C. According to the Bible, Nimrod was the founder of the city (Gen. 10:11). Major excavations took place under the direction of Henry Layard from 1845 to 1854. The diagram pictures the results of those excavations, especially as they reflect the period of the Assyrian Empire (1420–609 B.C.). Around 1000 B.C. there occurred a great revival of Assyrian power, and Nineveh became a royal city. It was a thriving city during the first half of the first millennium, and contained such luxuries as public squares, parks, botanical gardens, and even a zoo. One of the great archaeological finds of the period is the library of King Ashurbanipal (669–627 B.C.; called Osnappar in Ezra 4:10). The size of the city was approximately 1,850 acres. The book of Jonah reflects the flourishing nature of Nineveh at this time (3:1–5). Nineveh eventually fell to the Medes and Babylonians in 612 B.C. The invading armies dammed the rivers that supplied water to the city, causing a flood that broke through one of the perimeter walls, giving the foreign armies access to the city.
Introduction to Jonah
Timeline
Author and Date
Jonah prophesied during the peaceful and prosperous time of Jeroboam II (2 Kings 14:23–28), who ruled in Israel (the northern kingdom) from 782 to 753 B.C. This was a time when Assyria was not a threat to Israel.
Overview
The Lord called Jonah to go to the great Assyrian city of Nineveh to pronounce judgment on it. Jonah attempted to escape the Lord’s calling by sailing from the seaport of Joppa to Tarshish, which was probably on the shores of the western Mediterranean. Eventually he obeyed the Lord and traveled overland to Nineveh.
Theme
The primary theme in Jonah is that God’s compassion is boundless, not limited just to “us” (Jonah and the Israelites) but also available for “them” (the pagan sailors and the Ninevites).
Key Themes
- God is in sovereign control over all events on the earth.
- God is determined to get his message to the nations.
- People need to repent from sin in general, and from self-centeredness and hypocrisy in particular.
- God promises that he will forgive when people repent.
Outline
The story of Jonah includes seven episodes, with the first three paralleled by the second three. The final episode stands alone as the climax of the story:
- A. Jonah’s commissioning and flight (1:1–3)
- B. Jonah and the pagan sailors (1:4–16)
- C. Jonah’s grateful prayer (1:17–2:10)
- A'. Jonah’s recommissioning and compliance (3:1–3a)
- B'. Jonah and the pagan Ninevites (3:3b–10)
- C'. Jonah’s angry prayer (4:1–4)
- D. Jonah’s lesson about compassion (4:5–11)
The Setting of Jonah
c. 760 B.C.
Jonah prophesied during the prosperous time of King Jeroboam II of Israel (2 Kings 14:23–28). During this time the Assyrians were occupied with matters elsewhere in the empire, allowing Jeroboam II to capture much of Syria for Israel. The Lord called Jonah to go to the great Assyrian city of Nineveh to pronounce judgment upon it. Jonah attempted to escape the Lord’s calling by sailing to Tarshish, which was probably in the western Mediterranean. Eventually he obeyed the Lord and went to Nineveh, at the heart of the Assyrian Empire.
Fact: Population of Nineveh
The population of Nineveh after the time of Sennacherib’s reign (704–681 B.C.) was close to 300,000, over twice as many people as in Jonah’s time. This huge population increase was due primarily to Sennacherib making Nineveh the capital of the Assyrian Empire. He created new streets and open spaces for trade and built his famous “palace without rival.” These attractions would have drawn thousands of people to live in Nineveh.
Jonah
God called the prophet Jonah to travel to the city of Nineveh and to speak out against it. Nineveh was an Assyrian city, part of an empire known for its cruelty, that had long threatened Israel. The last thing Jonah wanted was for these particular people to experience the mercy and compassion of the God of Israel. Therefore he rejected the Lord’s call and tried to travel as far as he possibly could in the opposite direction from Nineveh! After three days and three nights in the belly of a large fish, however, Jonah repented and went to Nineveh. He delivered a prophetic message against the city, just as the Lord had commanded. Much to Jonah’s surprise, the people of Nineveh repented, and the Lord relented from his plans to destroy them. Jonah learned that God is ready to show mercy to all who will turn their hearts to him. (Jonah 3:6–10)
S4:217 Obadiah, Jonah
Listen NowDive Deeper | Obadiah; Jonah 1:1-4:11
The book of Jonah is unique compared to other Old Testament prophetic writings. While most of these focus on God's message to Israel or to the nations, Jonah is a story of a prophet's relationship with God.
Like you and me, Jonah isn't perfect. But God uses Jonah's circumstances to reach the nations while teaching Jonah more about God himself. The undeserved compassion and mercy of God are radically on display in the way he pursues and rescues those in this story:
- God works in spite of Jonah's disobedience to bring pagan sailors into a relationship with him. We don't see a strong evangelistic message from Jonah, but we do see an all-powerful God who commands the waves and changes the hearts of those who aren't looking for him.
- God uses a fish to rescue Jonah from death and spit him out after three days to use Jonah for a greater purpose in Nineveh. While Jonah had no interest in completing God's mission, the Lord had other plans!
- God shows radical mercy to the Ninevites, who were living in self-destructive wickedness. God's love for Gentile nations is evident even before Jesus walked the earth.
Jonah's story points to someone greater who arrived on the scene centuries after Jonah's mission to the Ninevites. In Matthew 12:39-41, Jesus tells the scribes and Pharisees that a greater Jonah has come, one who would also come back after three days (this time from death itself).
In Jonah, we see an imperfect prophet who:
- Ran from God,
- Didn't want God's mercy extended to others,
- Quickly turned to disobedience and discontentment.
In Jesus, we see a perfect Savior who:
- Is God himself (John 1:1),
- Showed mercy to his opposition (Luke 23:34),
- Was perfectly obedient to the Father, even to the point of death (Philippians 2:8).
We serve a God who is patient with his people and goes to great lengths to reach those who are not yet his. What great news for believers when we fall short, and what a great mission we have to take the gospel of Jesus to those who have not yet believed!
This month's memory verse
"Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light." (NIV)
– Matthew 11:28-30
Discussion Questions
1. Jonah was running from God and wasn't fully bought into God's plan. Are there areas of your life that aren't fully surrendered to him, or areas in your life where you don't trust that he is good? Confess these to him and share the areas with your community group, friends, and/or spouse this week.
2. While God used Jonah in the mission to the Ninevites, it was clear that God's power and strength caused the Ninevites' transformation. Are you fully trusting in the power of Jesus to work through you when sharing the gospel? Is there anything holding you back from this mission?
3. God changed the hearts of the Ninevites who repented after hearing from God. Who in your neighborhood, workplace, or family can you share the good news of Jesus' love, mercy, and grace with this week?
4. Today's reading also included Obadiah. What aspects of God's character do you see through the book of Obadiah, and where do you see glimpses of Jesus in this short prophetic book?