July 26, 2025
Big Book Idea
Though judgment would come upon Israel, God is marked by mercy and compassion. Even though the judgment had to happen, it wouldn't last forever.
I spread out my hands all the day
to a rebellious people,
who walk in a way that is not good,
following their own devices.
1
The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me,
because the LORD has anointed me
to bring good news to the poor;
1
61:1
Or afflicted
he has sent me to bind up the brokenhearted,
to proclaim liberty to the captives,
and the opening of the prison to those who are bound;
2
61:1
Or the opening [of the eyes] to those who are blind; Septuagint and recovery of sight to the blind
2
to proclaim the year of the LORD's favor,
and the day of vengeance of our God;
to comfort all who mourn;
3
to grant to those who mourn in Zion—
to give them a beautiful headdress instead of ashes,
the oil of gladness instead of mourning,
the garment of praise instead of a faint spirit;
that they may be called oaks of righteousness,
the planting of the LORD, that he may be glorified.
3
61:3
Or that he may display his beauty
4
They shall build up the ancient ruins;
they shall raise up the former devastations;
they shall repair the ruined cities,
the devastations of many generations.
5
Strangers shall stand and tend your flocks;
foreigners shall be your plowmen and vinedressers;
6
but you shall be called the priests of the LORD;
they shall speak of you as the ministers of our God;
you shall eat the wealth of the nations,
and in their glory you shall boast.
7
Instead of your shame there shall be a double portion;
instead of dishonor they shall rejoice in their lot;
therefore in their land they shall possess a double portion;
they shall have everlasting joy.
8
For I the LORD love justice;
I hate robbery and wrong;
4
61:8
Or robbery with a burnt offering
I will faithfully give them their recompense,
and I will make an everlasting covenant with them.
9
Their offspring shall be known among the nations,
and their descendants in the midst of the peoples;
all who see them shall acknowledge them,
that they are an offspring the LORD has blessed.
10
I will greatly rejoice in the LORD;
my soul shall exult in my God,
for he has clothed me with the garments of salvation;
he has covered me with the robe of righteousness,
as a bridegroom decks himself like a priest with a beautiful headdress,
and as a bride adorns herself with her jewels.
11
For as the earth brings forth its sprouts,
and as a garden causes what is sown in it to sprout up,
so the Lord God will cause righteousness and praise
to sprout up before all the nations.
1
For Zion's sake I will not keep silent,
and for Jerusalem's sake I will not be quiet,
until her righteousness goes forth as brightness,
and her salvation as a burning torch.
2
The nations shall see your righteousness,
and all the kings your glory,
and you shall be called by a new name
that the mouth of the LORD will give.
3
You shall be a crown of beauty in the hand of the LORD,
and a royal diadem in the hand of your God.
4
You shall no more be termed Forsaken,
5
62:4
Hebrew Azubah
and your land shall no more be termed Desolate,
6
62:4
Hebrew Shemamah
but you shall be called My Delight Is in Her,
7
62:4
Hebrew Hephzibah
and your land Married;
8
62:4
Hebrew Beulah
for the LORD delights in you,
and your land shall be married.
5
For as a young man marries a young woman,
so shall your sons marry you,
and as the bridegroom rejoices over the bride,
so shall your God rejoice over you.
6
On your walls, O Jerusalem,
I have set watchmen;
all the day and all the night
they shall never be silent.
You who put the LORD in remembrance,
take no rest,
7
and give him no rest
until he establishes Jerusalem
and makes it a praise in the earth.
8
The LORD has sworn by his right hand
and by his mighty arm:
“I will not again give your grain
to be food for your enemies,
and foreigners shall not drink your wine
for which you have labored;
9
but those who garner it shall eat it
and praise the LORD,
and those who gather it shall drink it
in the courts of my sanctuary.”
9
62:9
Or in my holy courts
10
Go through, go through the gates;
prepare the way for the people;
build up, build up the highway;
clear it of stones;
lift up a signal over the peoples.
11
Behold, the LORD has proclaimed
to the end of the earth:
Say to the daughter of Zion,
“Behold, your salvation comes;
behold, his reward is with him,
and his recompense before him.”
12
And they shall be called The Holy People,
The Redeemed of the LORD;
and you shall be called Sought Out,
A City Not Forsaken.
1
Who is this who comes from Edom,
in crimsoned garments from Bozrah,
he who is splendid in his apparel,
marching in the greatness of his strength?
“It is I, speaking in righteousness,
mighty to save.”
2
Why is your apparel red,
and your garments like his who treads in the winepress?
3
“I have trodden the winepress alone,
and from the peoples no one was with me;
I trod them in my anger
and trampled them in my wrath;
their lifeblood
10
63:3
Or their juice; also verse 6
spattered on my garments,
and stained all my apparel.
4
For the day of vengeance was in my heart,
and my year of redemption
11
63:4
Or the year of my redeemed
had come.
5
I looked, but there was no one to help;
I was appalled, but there was no one to uphold;
so my own arm brought me salvation,
and my wrath upheld me.
6
I trampled down the peoples in my anger;
I made them drunk in my wrath,
and I poured out their lifeblood on the earth.”
7
I will recount the steadfast love of the LORD,
the praises of the LORD,
according to all that the LORD has granted us,
and the great goodness to the house of Israel
that he has granted them according to his compassion,
according to the abundance of his steadfast love.
8
For he said, “Surely they are my people,
children who will not deal falsely.”
And he became their Savior.
9
In all their affliction he was afflicted,
12
63:9
Or he did not afflict
and the angel of his presence saved them;
in his love and in his pity he redeemed them;
he lifted them up and carried them all the days of old.
10
But they rebelled
and grieved his Holy Spirit;
therefore he turned to be their enemy,
and himself fought against them.
11
Then he remembered the days of old,
of Moses and his people.
13
63:11
Or Then his people remembered the days of old, of Moses
Where is he who brought them up out of the sea
with the shepherds of his flock?
Where is he who put in the midst of them
his Holy Spirit,
12
who caused his glorious arm
to go at the right hand of Moses,
who divided the waters before them
to make for himself an everlasting name,
13
who led them through the depths?
Like a horse in the desert,
they did not stumble.
14
Like livestock that go down into the valley,
the Spirit of the LORD gave them rest.
So you led your people,
to make for yourself a glorious name.
15
Look down from heaven and see,
from your holy and beautiful
14
63:15
Or holy and glorious
habitation.
Where are your zeal and your might?
The stirring of your inner parts and your compassion
are held back from me.
16
For you are our Father,
though Abraham does not know us,
and Israel does not acknowledge us;
you, O LORD, are our Father,
our Redeemer from of old is your name.
17
O LORD, why do you make us wander from your ways
and harden our heart, so that we fear you not?
Return for the sake of your servants,
the tribes of your heritage.
18
Your holy people held possession for a little while;
15
63:18
Or They have dispossessed your holy people for a little while
our adversaries have trampled down your sanctuary.
19
We have become like those over whom you have never ruled,
like those who are not called by your name.
1
Oh that you would rend the heavens and come down,
that the mountains might quake at your presence—
2
16
64:2
Ch 64:1 in Hebrew
as when fire kindles brushwood
and the fire causes water to boil—
to make your name known to your adversaries,
and that the nations might tremble at your presence!
3
When you did awesome things that we did not look for,
you came down, the mountains quaked at your presence.
4
From of old no one has heard
or perceived by the ear,
no eye has seen a God besides you,
who acts for those who wait for him.
5
You meet him who joyfully works righteousness,
those who remember you in your ways.
Behold, you were angry, and we sinned;
in our sins we have been a long time, and shall we be saved?
17
64:5
Or in your ways is continuance, that we might be saved
6
We have all become like one who is unclean,
and all our righteous deeds are like a polluted garment.
We all fade like a leaf,
and our iniquities, like the wind, take us away.
7
There is no one who calls upon your name,
who rouses himself to take hold of you;
for you have hidden your face from us,
and have made us melt in
18
64:7
Masoretic Text; Septuagint, Syriac, Targum have delivered us into
the hand of our iniquities.
8
But now, O LORD, you are our Father;
we are the clay, and you are our potter;
we are all the work of your hand.
9
Be not so terribly angry, O LORD,
and remember not iniquity forever.
Behold, please look, we are all your people.
10
Your holy cities have become a wilderness;
Zion has become a wilderness,
Jerusalem a desolation.
11
Our holy and beautiful
19
64:11
Or holy and glorious
house,
where our fathers praised you,
has been burned by fire,
and all our pleasant places have become ruins.
12
Will you restrain yourself at these things, O LORD?
Will you keep silent, and afflict us so terribly?
1
I was ready to be sought by those who did not ask for me;
I was ready to be found by those who did not seek me.
I said, “Here I am, here I am,”
to a nation that was not called by
20
65:1
Or that did not call upon
my name.
2
I spread out my hands all the day
to a rebellious people,
who walk in a way that is not good,
following their own devices;
3
a people who provoke me
to my face continually,
sacrificing in gardens
and making offerings on bricks;
4
who sit in tombs,
and spend the night in secret places;
who eat pig's flesh,
and broth of tainted meat is in their vessels;
5
who say, “Keep to yourself,
do not come near me, for I am too holy for you.”
These are a smoke in my nostrils,
a fire that burns all the day.
6
Behold, it is written before me:
“I will not keep silent, but I will repay;
I will indeed repay into their lap
7
both your iniquities and your fathers' iniquities together,
says the LORD;
because they made offerings on the mountains
and insulted me on the hills,
I will measure into their lap
payment for their former deeds.”
21
65:7
Or I will first measure their payment into their lap
8
Thus says the LORD:
“As the new wine is found in the cluster,
and they say, ‘Do not destroy it,
for there is a blessing in it,’
so I will do for my servants' sake,
and not destroy them all.
9
I will bring forth offspring from Jacob,
and from Judah possessors of my mountains;
my chosen shall possess it,
and my servants shall dwell there.
10
Sharon shall become a pasture for flocks,
and the Valley of Achor a place for herds to lie down,
for my people who have sought me.
11
But you who forsake the LORD,
who forget my holy mountain,
who set a table for Fortune
and fill cups of mixed wine for Destiny,
12
I will destine you to the sword,
and all of you shall bow down to the slaughter,
because, when I called, you did not answer;
when I spoke, you did not listen,
but you did what was evil in my eyes
and chose what I did not delight in.”
13
Therefore thus says the Lord God:
“Behold, my servants shall eat,
but you shall be hungry;
behold, my servants shall drink,
but you shall be thirsty;
behold, my servants shall rejoice,
but you shall be put to shame;
14
behold, my servants shall sing for gladness of heart,
but you shall cry out for pain of heart
and shall wail for breaking of spirit.
15
You shall leave your name to my chosen for a curse,
and the Lord God will put you to death,
but his servants he will call by another name,
16
so that he who blesses himself in the land
shall bless himself by the God of truth,
and he who takes an oath in the land
shall swear by the God of truth;
because the former troubles are forgotten
and are hidden from my eyes.
17
For behold, I create new heavens
and a new earth,
and the former things shall not be remembered
or come into mind.
18
But be glad and rejoice forever
in that which I create;
for behold, I create Jerusalem to be a joy,
and her people to be a gladness.
19
I will rejoice in Jerusalem
and be glad in my people;
no more shall be heard in it the sound of weeping
and the cry of distress.
20
No more shall there be in it
an infant who lives but a few days,
or an old man who does not fill out his days,
for the young man shall die a hundred years old,
and the sinner a hundred years old shall be accursed.
21
They shall build houses and inhabit them;
they shall plant vineyards and eat their fruit.
22
They shall not build and another inhabit;
they shall not plant and another eat;
for like the days of a tree shall the days of my people be,
and my chosen shall long enjoy
22
65:22
Hebrew shall wear out
the work of their hands.
23
They shall not labor in vain
or bear children for calamity,
23
65:23
Or for sudden terror
for they shall be the offspring of the blessed of the LORD,
and their descendants with them.
24
Before they call I will answer;
while they are yet speaking I will hear.
25
The wolf and the lamb shall graze together;
the lion shall eat straw like the ox,
and dust shall be the serpent's food.
They shall not hurt or destroy
in all my holy mountain,”
says the LORD.
1
Thus says the LORD:
“Heaven is my throne,
and the earth is my footstool;
what is the house that you would build for me,
and what is the place of my rest?
2
All these things my hand has made,
and so all these things came to be,
declares the LORD.
But this is the one to whom I will look:
he who is humble and contrite in spirit
and trembles at my word.
3
He who slaughters an ox is like one who kills a man;
he who sacrifices a lamb, like one who breaks a dog's neck;
he who presents a grain offering, like one who offers pig's blood;
he who makes a memorial offering of frankincense, like one who blesses an idol.
These have chosen their own ways,
and their soul delights in their abominations;
4
I also will choose harsh treatment for them
and bring their fears upon them,
because when I called, no one answered,
when I spoke, they did not listen;
but they did what was evil in my eyes
and chose that in which I did not delight.”
5
Hear the word of the LORD,
you who tremble at his word:
“Your brothers who hate you
and cast you out for my name's sake
have said, ‘Let the LORD be glorified,
that we may see your joy’;
but it is they who shall be put to shame.
6
The sound of an uproar from the city!
A sound from the temple!
The sound of the LORD,
rendering recompense to his enemies!
7
Before she was in labor
she gave birth;
before her pain came upon her
she delivered a son.
8
Who has heard such a thing?
Who has seen such things?
Shall a land be born in one day?
Shall a nation be brought forth in one moment?
For as soon as Zion was in labor
she brought forth her children.
9
Shall I bring to the point of birth and not cause to bring forth?”
says the LORD;
“shall I, who cause to bring forth, shut the womb?”
says your God.
10
“Rejoice with Jerusalem, and be glad for her,
all you who love her;
rejoice with her in joy,
all you who mourn over her;
11
that you may nurse and be satisfied
from her consoling breast;
that you may drink deeply with delight
from her glorious abundance.”
24
66:11
Or breast
12
For thus says the LORD:
“Behold, I will extend peace to her like a river,
and the glory of the nations like an overflowing stream;
and you shall nurse, you shall be carried upon her hip,
and bounced upon her knees.
13
As one whom his mother comforts,
so I will comfort you;
you shall be comforted in Jerusalem.
14
You shall see, and your heart shall rejoice;
your bones shall flourish like the grass;
and the hand of the LORD shall be known to his servants,
and he shall show his indignation against his enemies.
15
For behold, the LORD will come in fire,
and his chariots like the whirlwind,
to render his anger in fury,
and his rebuke with flames of fire.
16
For by fire will the LORD enter into judgment,
and by his sword, with all flesh;
and those slain by the LORD shall be many.
17 Those who sanctify and purify themselves to go into the gardens, following one in the midst, eating pig's flesh and the abomination and mice, shall come to an end together, declares the LORD.
18 For I know 25 66:18 Septuagint, Syriac; Hebrew lacks know their works and their thoughts, and the time is coming 26 66:18 Hebrew and it is coming to gather all nations and tongues. And they shall come and shall see my glory, 19 and I will set a sign among them. And from them I will send survivors to the nations, to Tarshish, Pul, and Lud, who draw the bow, to Tubal and Javan, to the coastlands far away, that have not heard my fame or seen my glory. And they shall declare my glory among the nations. 20 And they shall bring all your brothers from all the nations as an offering to the LORD, on horses and in chariots and in litters and on mules and on dromedaries, to my holy mountain Jerusalem, says the LORD, just as the Israelites bring their grain offering in a clean vessel to the house of the LORD. 21 And some of them also I will take for priests and for Levites, says the LORD.
22
For as the new heavens and the new earth
that I make
shall remain before me, says the LORD,
so shall your offspring and your name remain.
23
From new moon to new moon,
and from Sabbath to Sabbath,
all flesh shall come to worship before me,
declares the LORD.
24 And they shall go out and look on the dead bodies of the men who have rebelled against me. For their worm shall not die, their fire shall not be quenched, and they shall be an abhorrence to all flesh.”
Isaiah was called to his prophetic ministry “in the year that King Uzziah died” (6:1), around 740 B.C. He lived long enough to record the death of Sennacherib (37:38), in 681. However, most of the book can be dated only in very general terms because few specific dates are given.
The central theme of the book is God himself, who does all things for his own glory (48:11). Isaiah defines everything else by how it relates to God: is it rightly related to him as the center of all reality (45:22–25)? God’s people find strength only as they rest in the promises of their God (30:15). They find refreshment only as they delight themselves in his word (55:1–2). To serve his cause is their worthy devotion (ch. 62), but to rebel against him is endless death (66:24).
Isaiah 1–39 | Isaiah 40–55 | Isaiah 56–66 | |
---|---|---|---|
Date and Setting | The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat | Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile | Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end |
Audience | God’s rebellious people craving worldly security | God’s defeated people under worldly domination | All who hold fast to God’s covenant |
Actions | God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment | God encourages his discouraged people in exile | God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation |
Message | “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) | “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) | “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1) |
1. God is offended by religious practices that come from an empty heart or a careless life (1:10–17; 58:1–12; 66:1–4).
2. God’s true people will someday become a multinational community of worship and peace that will last forever (2:2–4; 56:3–8; 66:18–23). They will be the predominant culture of a new world (14:1–2; 41:8–16; 43:3–7; 60:1–22).
3. God opposes human pride (2:10–17; 13:11; 23:9).
4. The foolish idols that man creates are destined for destruction (2:20–21; 44:9–20; 46:1–7).
5. God’s judgment will reduce Israel to a remnant. From this remnant he will raise up a holy people (1:9; 6:1–12:6; 40:1–2).
6. God sometimes judges people by making them deaf and blind to his saving word (29:9–14).
7. The only hope of the world is in one man. He is the promised Davidic king (7:14; 9:2–7; 11:1–10), the servant of the Lord (42:1–9; 52:13–53:12), the anointed preacher of the gospel (61:1–3), and the victor over all evil (63:1–6).
8. God uses everything, even human sin, for his own glory (44:24–45:13).
9. All people are called to repent of sin and trust in God alone (12:2; 26:3–4; 32:17–18; 50:10; 66:2).
10. Often, when God’s people feel abandoned by him (40:27), they foolishly trust in worldly powers (31:1–3; 39:1–8).
11. God will vindicate his cause with a world-transforming display of his glory (11:10; 40:3–5; 52:10; 59:19).
12. God is guiding all of human history (41:1–4; 44:6–8; 46:8–11).
13. God’s faithfulness and the certainty of his final victory should motivate his people to pray and to be obedient (56:1–2; 62:1–64:12).
14. The wrath of God is to be feared above all else (9:19; 13:9, 13; 30:27; 34:2; 66:15–16).
Where is Zion? Zion (2:6) is the mountain where Jerusalem and the temple were built. The term “Zion” sometimes refers to ancient Jerusalem and sometimes stands for the permanent home where God’s people will live forever with him (see Isa. 4:2–6; 12:1–6; 65:17–25).
“The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me . . . ” (61:1). Jesus would quote this verse in Nazareth more than 500 years later (Luke 4:17–21).
The Israelites were not the only ones who did not eat or sacrifice pig flesh. The Assyrians found the pig to be equally offensive, as do some people groups today. However, many other people groups ate and sacrificed them to their gods (65:4).
The land of Javan was probably the Ionian region of Greece, which is the western coast of present-day Turkey. Isaiah says that even this far-off land would someday declare God’s glory among the nations (66:19).
Isaiah 1–39 | Isaiah 40–55 | Isaiah 56–66 | |
---|---|---|---|
Date and Setting | The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat | Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile | Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end |
Audience | God’s rebellious people craving worldly security | God’s defeated people under worldly domination | All who hold fast to God’s covenant |
Actions | God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment | God encourages his discouraged people in exile | God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation |
Message | “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) | “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) | “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1) |
Timeline | King of Judah // Event | Prophet to Judah | Prophet to Israel | King of Israel // Event | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
780 B.C. | Jeroboam II (781–753) | ||||||
770 | |||||||
760 | Uzziah | (c. 760) | (c. 760) | ||||
(Azariah) | Amos | Jonah | |||||
(767–740) | |||||||
(c. 755) | |||||||
Hosea | Zechariah (753–752) | ||||||
Shallum (752) | |||||||
750 | Jotham | Menahem (752–742) | |||||
(750–735) | Micah (c. 742) | Isaiah (c. 740) | Pekahiah (742–740) | ||||
740 | Pekah (740–732) | ||||||
Ahaz (735–715) | Hoshea (732–722) | ||||||
730 | |||||||
720 | Fall of Samaria (722) | ||||||
710 | Hezekiah (715–686) | ||||||
700 | |||||||
680 | Manasseh (686–642) | Nahum (c. 660–630) | |||||
660 | Amon (642–640) | ||||||
640 | Josiah (640–609) | Zephaniah (c. 640–609) | |||||
Habakkuk (c. 640–609) | |||||||
620 | (c. 627) | ||||||
600 | Jeremiah | ||||||
Jehoahaz (609) | |||||||
Jehoiakim (609–597) | (c. 605) | ||||||
Jehoiachin (597) | Daniel | ||||||
Zedekiah (597–586) | (c. 597) | ||||||
Ezekiel | |||||||
Fall of Jerusalem (586) | Obadiah | ||||||
(after 586) | |||||||
580 | |||||||
560 | |||||||
540 | |||||||
520 | 1st return of exiles (538) | Haggai (c. 520) | |||||
Temple rebuilt (516/515) | Zechariah (c. 520) | ||||||
500 | |||||||
480 | |||||||
460 | 2nd return of exiles (458) | Malachi (c. 460) | |||||
440 | 3rd return of exiles (445) |
Joel is not displayed as the dates are uncertain and estimates range from the 9th to the 4th centuries B.C.
Micah’s prophecy was likely directed toward both Judah and Israel.
“The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me . . . ” (61:1). Jesus would quote this verse in Nazareth more than 500 years later (Luke 4:17–21).
Isa. 61:1–3 The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me. Compare 48:16. The speaker is the messianic servant, who creates a new people by his Spirit-empowered preaching (see 11:2; 59:21). Isaiah explains the goal of Messiah’s anointing with seven purpose clauses. the poor. See 11:4; 29:19; Matt. 5:3. to proclaim liberty. See Lev. 25:10. the opening of the prison. The return from Babylonian exile, but also spiritual freedom from sin and Satan. the year of the LORD’s favor. A new era of blessing (see Isa. 34:8; 63:4). Quoting this text in Nazareth, Jesus did not include the day of vengeance of our God because the display of God’s wrath will not occur until Christ’s second coming (Luke 4:18–19; see Isa. 5:25–29; 63:1–6; Acts 17:31; Rev. 6:15–17).
Isa. 61:6–7 the priests of the LORD. At long last, Israel will fulfill its role among the nations (Ex. 19:5–6; 1 Pet. 2:9). a double portion (Isa. 61:7). Inheriting twice what was expected.
Isa. 61:10–11 The speaker is either the Messiah, Isaiah, or the city of Zion. Since the Lord God echoes “The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me” (v. 1), it is likely that the Messiah is speaking here. as a bridegroom . . . as a bride. The Messiah will lead his people into the romance of eternal salvation (see Eph. 5:25–27; Rev. 21:2, 9).
Isa. 62:1 For Zion’s sake. That is, for the sake of the redeemed people of God who dwell in Zion (Jerusalem), the city of God. This emphasis on God acting for the sake of his people lies at the heart of Isaiah’s ministry. God will glorify himself in the renewed and increased glory of his people (e.g., 2:2–3; 9:1–3; 26:1–21; 35:1–10; 40:1–5, 65:17–25).
Isa. 62:4 This reverses the situation of 60:15; see 6:12; 49:14.
Isa. 62:6–7 Jerusalem here is the new city of God, where his people will dwell in safety and righteousness forever (see Rev. 21:2, 10).
Isa. 62:10 The people . . . the peoples is Israel plus all others willing to join them (see 56:8; 57:19; John 10:16).
Isa. 61:1–62:12 The Messiah will preach into existence his new, liberated people, who will pray into existence his new, redeemed world.
Isa. 62:12 they. The people and peoples of v. 10. You refers to Zion.
Isa. 63:1 Speaking as a watchman on the wall, Isaiah marvels at the Messiah marching toward Zion as a victorious warrior (see 52:8; 62:6). Edom, the unbelieving nation southeast of Jerusalem, represents the world’s contempt for God’s promises (see 34:1–7; Ezekiel 35; Mal. 1:2–4). Bozrah. The capital city of Edom (see Isa. 34:6). speaking in righteousness. His claim to be mighty to save is trustworthy and true. No Edom exists that can defeat him (see Rev. 17:14).
Isa. 63:3 I have trodden the winepress. Trampling of grapes is an image of judgment. God’s final judgment on human sin is a harvest of justice (see Joel 3:13; Rev. 14:18–20; 19:13, 15). alone . . . no one. The Messiah alone wins the victory for his people (see Isa. 59:15b–18).
Isa. 63:7 I will recount. Recalling God’s history of mercies toward Israel.
Isa. 63:9 In all their affliction he was afflicted. God was sorrowful over the suffering of his people, even though it was their own sin that caused it. See Ex. 2:23–25; Judg. 10:16. the angel of his presence. See Ex. 23:20–23; 33:14–15.
Isa. 63:10–11 his Holy Spirit. . . . his Holy Spirit. Again Isaiah emphasizes how God gave himself to Israel. But they rebelled. See Psalm 78; Isa. 1:2; 66:24; Acts 7:51. The Savior of Isa. 63:8 thus became their enemy. See 1:19–20 and 43:27–28.
Isa. 63:1–14 God comforts his people with a vision of his victory over all evil in the future and of his loving goodness in the past.
Isa. 63:12–14 his glorious arm . . . a glorious name. God displayed his power in Israel’s history. Isaiah has hope for the future because God must be glorified (see Eph. 1:6, 12, 14).
Isa. 63:15–16 Isaiah claims God’s love for his people. your holy and beautiful habitation. See 6:1 and 64:11. Abraham does not know us. The people have drifted from their ancestral faith (see Gen. 15:6; 22:12; 26:5).
Isa. 63:17 why do you make us wander? God did not force his people to sin, but, as a means of discipline, he allowed them to experience the consequences of their sins (see Deut. 32:4; Job 34:10; Isa. 6:3, 10; Rom. 1:24).
Isa. 64:4a no . . . God besides you. Israel’s God is unique; there is no other god like him (see 43:11; 44:6; 45:5–6, 18, 21–22; 46:9; 47:8, 10).
Isa. 64:5b–7 With four comparisons, Isaiah laments the long-standing patterns of sin among God’s people. for you have hidden your face. See 8:17. When God’s “face” shines upon his people, they live in his favor (Num. 6:25–26); when he hides it due to their unfaithfulness, they suffer.
Isa. 64:8–9 you are our Father. Isaiah puts his hope in God as the sovereign Father (see Ps. 103:13–14; Isa. 45:9–10).
Isa. 63:15–64:12 Isaiah explains how to pray for demonstrations of God’s saving power.
Isa. 64:12 yourself . . . us. God’s own glory and his people’s desire for restored happiness in him will surely move him to act.
Isa. 65:1–2 These verses anticipate the drama of the book of Acts and the spread of the gospel to the Gentiles, as seen especially in Acts 28:17–28. Here I am. God takes the initiative to reveal himself to the nations through the gospel (see Isa. 11:10; 56:3–8).
The Israelites were not the only ones who did not eat or sacrifice pig flesh. The Assyrians found the pig to be equally offensive, as do some people groups today. However, many other people groups ate and sacrificed them to their gods (65:4).
Isa. 65:8–10 Though his judgments will destroy, God will also bless his people by preserving a remnant (see 1:9; 10:20–23; Matt. 13:24–30; Rom. 9:27–29; 11:1–5). the cluster. See Isa. 5:1–7.
Isa. 65:13 my servants. Both Jews and Gentiles. God excluded disloyal Jews and included responsive Gentiles (see Matt. 3:7–10; 8:10–13).
Isa. 65:15 You shall leave your name to my chosen for a curse. They will be remembered as objects of judgment. See Jer. 29:22–23. his servants he will call by another name. That is, a name of blessing. See Gen. 17:5; 32:28; Isa. 62:2, 4, 12.
Isa. 65:22 like the days of a tree. A picture of durability; trees can live for hundreds of years, as compared to grass, which withers and fades (40:7–8). The picture also recalls the example of the righteous person who is “like a tree planted by streams of water” (Ps. 1:3).
Isa. 65:1–25 Though the people of God have unfaithful sinners mixed among them now, he is eager to bring them into their glorious eternal home. His eagerness is rejected by Jews but welcomed by Gentiles (vv. 1–12), but his true people will find joy in their eternal home (vv. 13–25).
Isa. 65:17–25 Isaiah uses word pictures to describe the joys of the world to come. The description goes far beyond anything the world has ever seen.
Isa. 65:25 Dust shall be the serpent’s food recalls Gen. 3:14. God’s redemptive purpose (Gen. 3:15) has succeeded, and he has subdued the serpent in judgment as he promised.
Where is Zion? Zion (2:6) is the mountain where Jerusalem and the temple were built. The term “Zion” sometimes refers to ancient Jerusalem and sometimes stands for the permanent home where God’s people will live forever with him (see Isa. 4:2–6; 12:1–6; 65:17–25).
Isa. 66:2 I will look with favor (see Ps. 80:14; Isa. 63:15). he who is humble and contrite. See Ps. 51:17; Isa. 57:15; Luke 18:9–14. Trembles at my word suggests reverence for God’s word and eagerness to obey it (see Ezra 9:4; 10:3).
Isa. 66:4 bring their fears upon them. People who reject the Lord will one day have to face everything they now fear (see 48:18; 65:11–12).
Isa. 66:5–6 Your brothers who hate you. These are people who profess biblical faith but do not tremble at his word and who ridicule the humble and contrite (see 28:9–10; Rev. 2:9). Let the LORD be glorified, that we may see your joy. These are the words of unbelievers as they taunt God’s people (compare Ps. 22:6–8). A sound from the temple! The Lord’s answer to such people is recompense, because he counts them as his enemies.
Isa. 66:7–9 Mother Zion gives birth, effortlessly and instantly, to a new nation (see 49:19–21; 54:1–3). The questions of 66:9 answer fears that God might not perform all he promised to his helpless people.
Isa. 66:10–14 The certainty of future blessing calls for joy in the present. her consoling breast. . . . you shall be comforted in Jerusalem. The poetic image is of a nursing baby who finds complete comfort, joy, nourishment, and satisfaction in the arms of its mother. The same Hebrew word for comfort found in 40:1 is repeated three times in 66:13.
Isa. 66:16 all flesh. Specifically, “his enemies” (v. 14).
Isa. 66:18 time . . . to gather all nations. See 2:2–4; 40:5; 45:23; Rev. 7:9–10.
The land of Javan was probably the Ionian region of Greece, which is the western coast of present-day Turkey. Isaiah says that even this far-off land would someday declare God’s glory among the nations (66:19).
Isa. 66:19–20 a sign. See 7:14; 11:10, 12; 55:12–13. I will send survivors, that is, the remnant of Israelite believers who survive the judgments of God (see Joel 2:28–32; Acts 2:1–12). all your brothers from all the nations. See John 11:52; Gal. 3:28–29; Col. 3:11. Contrast “your brothers who hate you” in Isa. 66:5.
Isa. 66:22–23 See 65:17. The universe, which bore witness to Israel’s sins in 1:2–3, now sees the endless worship of the new people of God, who represent all flesh.
Isa. 56:1–66:24 How to Prepare for the Coming Glory: “Hold Fast My Covenant.” Isaiah helps readers know how to be God’s servants who will live with him forever.
Isa. 66:1–24 Though the worship of God is violated now, in the future falsehood will be judged, true worship will spread, and God will be honored forever.
Isa. 66:24 Isaiah uses the image of Jerusalem’s city dump, just outside the city wall in the Hinnom Valley (see Jer. 7:30–34). They shall go out and look, not to gloat, but to agree with God’s judgment of the wicked and to be assured that his judgment will last forever. They shall be an abhorrence, though in this life they are often successful. The gospel is good news to the contrite but bad news to the rebellious.
Isaiah 1–39 | Isaiah 40–55 | Isaiah 56–66 | |
---|---|---|---|
Date and Setting | The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat | Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile | Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end |
Audience | God’s rebellious people craving worldly security | God’s defeated people under worldly domination | All who hold fast to God’s covenant |
Actions | God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment | God encourages his discouraged people in exile | God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation |
Message | “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) | “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) | “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1) |
Timeline | King of Judah // Event | Prophet to Judah | Prophet to Israel | King of Israel // Event | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
780 B.C. | Jeroboam II (781–753) | ||||||
770 | |||||||
760 | Uzziah | (c. 760) | (c. 760) | ||||
(Azariah) | Amos | Jonah | |||||
(767–740) | |||||||
(c. 755) | |||||||
Hosea | Zechariah (753–752) | ||||||
Shallum (752) | |||||||
750 | Jotham | Menahem (752–742) | |||||
(750–735) | Micah (c. 742) | Isaiah (c. 740) | Pekahiah (742–740) | ||||
740 | Pekah (740–732) | ||||||
Ahaz (735–715) | Hoshea (732–722) | ||||||
730 | |||||||
720 | Fall of Samaria (722) | ||||||
710 | Hezekiah (715–686) | ||||||
700 | |||||||
680 | Manasseh (686–642) | Nahum (c. 660–630) | |||||
660 | Amon (642–640) | ||||||
640 | Josiah (640–609) | Zephaniah (c. 640–609) | |||||
Habakkuk (c. 640–609) | |||||||
620 | (c. 627) | ||||||
600 | Jeremiah | ||||||
Jehoahaz (609) | |||||||
Jehoiakim (609–597) | (c. 605) | ||||||
Jehoiachin (597) | Daniel | ||||||
Zedekiah (597–586) | (c. 597) | ||||||
Ezekiel | |||||||
Fall of Jerusalem (586) | Obadiah | ||||||
(after 586) | |||||||
580 | |||||||
560 | |||||||
540 | |||||||
520 | 1st return of exiles (538) | Haggai (c. 520) | |||||
Temple rebuilt (516/515) | Zechariah (c. 520) | ||||||
500 | |||||||
480 | |||||||
460 | 2nd return of exiles (458) | Malachi (c. 460) | |||||
440 | 3rd return of exiles (445) |
Joel is not displayed as the dates are uncertain and estimates range from the 9th to the 4th centuries B.C.
Micah’s prophecy was likely directed toward both Judah and Israel.
Isaiah was called to his prophetic ministry “in the year that King Uzziah died” (6:1), around 740 B.C. He lived long enough to record the death of Sennacherib (37:38), in 681. However, most of the book can be dated only in very general terms because few specific dates are given.
The central theme of the book is God himself, who does all things for his own glory (48:11). Isaiah defines everything else by how it relates to God: is it rightly related to him as the center of all reality (45:22–25)? God’s people find strength only as they rest in the promises of their God (30:15). They find refreshment only as they delight themselves in his word (55:1–2). To serve his cause is their worthy devotion (ch. 62), but to rebel against him is endless death (66:24).
Isaiah 1–39 | Isaiah 40–55 | Isaiah 56–66 | |
---|---|---|---|
Date and Setting | The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat | Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile | Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end |
Audience | God’s rebellious people craving worldly security | God’s defeated people under worldly domination | All who hold fast to God’s covenant |
Actions | God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment | God encourages his discouraged people in exile | God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation |
Message | “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) | “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) | “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1) |
1. God is offended by religious practices that come from an empty heart or a careless life (1:10–17; 58:1–12; 66:1–4).
2. God’s true people will someday become a multinational community of worship and peace that will last forever (2:2–4; 56:3–8; 66:18–23). They will be the predominant culture of a new world (14:1–2; 41:8–16; 43:3–7; 60:1–22).
3. God opposes human pride (2:10–17; 13:11; 23:9).
4. The foolish idols that man creates are destined for destruction (2:20–21; 44:9–20; 46:1–7).
5. God’s judgment will reduce Israel to a remnant. From this remnant he will raise up a holy people (1:9; 6:1–12:6; 40:1–2).
6. God sometimes judges people by making them deaf and blind to his saving word (29:9–14).
7. The only hope of the world is in one man. He is the promised Davidic king (7:14; 9:2–7; 11:1–10), the servant of the Lord (42:1–9; 52:13–53:12), the anointed preacher of the gospel (61:1–3), and the victor over all evil (63:1–6).
8. God uses everything, even human sin, for his own glory (44:24–45:13).
9. All people are called to repent of sin and trust in God alone (12:2; 26:3–4; 32:17–18; 50:10; 66:2).
10. Often, when God’s people feel abandoned by him (40:27), they foolishly trust in worldly powers (31:1–3; 39:1–8).
11. God will vindicate his cause with a world-transforming display of his glory (11:10; 40:3–5; 52:10; 59:19).
12. God is guiding all of human history (41:1–4; 44:6–8; 46:8–11).
13. God’s faithfulness and the certainty of his final victory should motivate his people to pray and to be obedient (56:1–2; 62:1–64:12).
14. The wrath of God is to be feared above all else (9:19; 13:9, 13; 30:27; 34:2; 66:15–16).
"Our pride is what's wrong with the whole world." (Ray Ortlund)
A common theme throughout Isaiah is the destructiveness of human pride. In the passage today, we see a repeated pattern of people making sacrifices to false gods, performing evil deeds in secret, and treating others with contempt (Isaiah 65:3-5).
God's answer to pride is humility. This seems obvious, right? Throughout Scripture, we see that God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (James 4:6). But is "be humble" the answer to our problem?
God unquestionably calls us to humble ourselves; but in Isaiah 65, something quite striking occurs: God humbles himself! In 1 Kings 8:22, Solomon spreads out his hands in humble prayer. Today's passage uses the same language to describe God begging His people to come to Him. Biblical scholar Alec Motyer states, "So desirous is the Lord to win his people, that he deigns to become a suppliant! But he is met by stubborn rebellion."
Why this stubbornness? Why do we insist on our own way? God says it's because we instinctively follow our own "devices." Are you impatient? Do you struggle with self-pity? Are you hiding sin from others? All these are manifestations of pride. "Pride leads to every other vice: it is the complete anti-God state of mind." (C.S. Lewis)
God could have demanded perfect humility from us, but instead he chose to save the world through his own humility, becoming obedient to the point of death on a cross (Philippians 2:1-11). While the prideful say in Isaiah 65:5, "do not come near me, for I am too holy for you," humble Jesus stretched out his hand to heal (Matthew 8:2-3).
"Jesus Christ is the open heart of God, the very love and life of God poured out to redeem humankind, the mighty hand and power of God stretched out to heal and save sinners." (T.F. Torrance)
God's heart is open to you today. As you look to him for grace, remember his promise that he will conform you to the image of his humble Son (Romans 8:29).
This month's memory verse
"But he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his wounds we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned—every one—to his own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all.”
1. The Valley of Vision contains an old Puritan prayer that says, "Help me to see myself in thy sight, then pride must wither, decay, die, perish. Humble my heart before thee, and replenish it with thy choicest gifts." Ask God to reveal any roots of pride in your life and to produce within you a humble heart.
2. Isaiah 66:2 describes a humble and contrite person as one who trembles at God's Word. What does this mean? How is the Lord calling you to grow in this?
3. What would it look like in humility to count others as more significant than yourself today? How can you look to the interests of others above your own? (Philippians 2:3-4)
4. Are you currently living in any unrepentant sin? In Life Together, his classic book on Christian fellowship, Dietrich Bonhoeffer writes, "The cross of Jesus Christ destroys all pride. We cannot find the cross of Jesus if we shrink from going to the place where it is to be found, namely, the public death of the sinner. And we refuse to bear the Cross when we are ashamed to take upon ourselves the shameful death of the sinner in confession. In confession, we break through to the true fellowship of the cross of Jesus Christ. In confession, we affirm and accept our cross. In the deep mental and physical pain of humiliation before a brother, which means, before God, we experience the cross of Jesus as our rescue and salvation." Will you courageously step out in faith and humility today and confess sin to a brother or sister?
5. Spend time giving thanks to the Lord for everything He taught you during our time in Isaiah!