July 18, 2025

God Brings Judgment AND Salvation

Isaiah 21-26

Hayle Oberle
Friday's Devo

July 18, 2025

Friday's Devo

July 18, 2025

Big Book Idea

Though his judgment would come upon Israel, God is marked by mercy and compassion. But God's forbearance toward sinful Israel wouldn't last forever.

Key Verse | Isaiah 25:3

Therefore strong peoples will glorify you; 
cities of ruthless nations will fear you.

Isaiah 21-26

Chapter 21

Fallen, Fallen Is Babylon

The oracle concerning the wilderness of the sea.

As whirlwinds in the Negeb sweep on,
    it comes from the wilderness,
    from a terrible land.
A stern vision is told to me;
    the traitor betrays,
    and the destroyer destroys.
Go up, O Elam;
    lay siege, O Media;
all the sighing she has caused
    I bring to an end.
Therefore my loins are filled with anguish;
    pangs have seized me,
    like the pangs of a woman in labor;
I am bowed down so that I cannot hear;
    I am dismayed so that I cannot see.
My heart staggers; horror has appalled me;
    the twilight I longed for
    has been turned for me into trembling.
They prepare the table,
    they spread the rugs, 1 21:5 Or they set the watchman
    they eat, they drink.
Arise, O princes;
    oil the shield!
For thus the Lord said to me:
“Go, set a watchman;
    let him announce what he sees.
When he sees riders, horsemen in pairs,
    riders on donkeys, riders on camels,
let him listen diligently,
    very diligently.”
Then he who saw cried out: 2 21:8 Dead Sea Scroll, Syriac; Masoretic Text Then a lion cried out, or Then he cried out like a lion
“Upon a watchtower I stand, O Lord,
    continually by day,
and at my post I am stationed
    whole nights.
And behold, here come riders,
    horsemen in pairs!”
And he answered,
    “Fallen, fallen is Babylon;
and all the carved images of her gods
    he has shattered to the ground.”
10  O my threshed and winnowed one,
    what I have heard from the LORD of hosts,
    the God of Israel, I announce to you.

11 The oracle concerning Dumah.

One is calling to me from Seir,
    “Watchman, what time of the night?
    Watchman, what time of the night?”
12  The watchman says:
“Morning comes, and also the night.
    If you will inquire, inquire;
    come back again.”

13 The oracle concerning Arabia.

In the thickets in Arabia you will lodge,
    O caravans of Dedanites.
14  To the thirsty bring water;
    meet the fugitive with bread,
    O inhabitants of the land of Tema.
15  For they have fled from the swords,
    from the drawn sword,
from the bent bow,
    and from the press of battle.

16 For thus the Lord said to me, “Within a year, according to the years of a hired worker, all the glory of Kedar will come to an end. 17 And the remainder of the archers of the mighty men of the sons of Kedar will be few, for the LORD, the God of Israel, has spoken.”

Chapter 22

An Oracle Concerning Jerusalem

The oracle concerning the valley of vision.

What do you mean that you have gone up,
    all of you, to the housetops,
you who are full of shoutings,
    tumultuous city, exultant town?
Your slain are not slain with the sword
    or dead in battle.
All your leaders have fled together;
    without the bow they were captured.
All of you who were found were captured,
    though they had fled far away.
Therefore I said:
“Look away from me;
    let me weep bitter tears;
do not labor to comfort me
    concerning the destruction of the daughter of my people.”

For the Lord God of hosts has a day
    of tumult and trampling and confusion
    in the valley of vision,
a battering down of walls
    and a shouting to the mountains.
And Elam bore the quiver
    with chariots and horsemen,
    and Kir uncovered the shield.
Your choicest valleys were full of chariots,
    and the horsemen took their stand at the gates.
He has taken away the covering of Judah.

In that day you looked to the weapons of the House of the Forest, and you saw that the breaches of the city of David were many. You collected the waters of the lower pool, 10 and you counted the houses of Jerusalem, and you broke down the houses to fortify the wall. 11 You made a reservoir between the two walls for the water of the old pool. But you did not look to him who did it, or see him who planned it long ago.

12  In that day the Lord God of hosts
    called for weeping and mourning,
    for baldness and wearing sackcloth;
13  and behold, joy and gladness,
    killing oxen and slaughtering sheep,
    eating flesh and drinking wine.
“Let us eat and drink,
    for tomorrow we die.”
14  The LORD of hosts has revealed himself in my ears:
“Surely this iniquity will not be atoned for you until you die,”
    says the Lord God of hosts.

15 Thus says the Lord God of hosts, “Come, go to this steward, to Shebna, who is over the household, and say to him: 16 What have you to do here, and whom have you here, that you have cut out here a tomb for yourself, you who cut out a tomb on the height and carve a dwelling for yourself in the rock? 17 Behold, the LORD will hurl you away violently, O you strong man. He will seize firm hold on you 18 and whirl you around and around, and throw you like a ball into a wide land. There you shall die, and there shall be your glorious chariots, you shame of your master's house. 19 I will thrust you from your office, and you will be pulled down from your station. 20 In that day I will call my servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, 21 and I will clothe him with your robe, and will bind your sash on him, and will commit your authority to his hand. And he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. 22 And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David. He shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. 23 And I will fasten him like a peg in a secure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his father's house. 24 And they will hang on him the whole honor of his father's house, the offspring and issue, every small vessel, from the cups to all the flagons. 25 In that day, declares the LORD of hosts, the peg that was fastened in a secure place will give way, and it will be cut down and fall, and the load that was on it will be cut off, for the LORD has spoken.”

Chapter 23

An Oracle Concerning Tyre and Sidon

The oracle concerning Tyre.

Wail, O ships of Tarshish,
    for Tyre is laid waste, without house or harbor!
From the land of Cyprus 3 23:1 Hebrew Kittim; also verse 12
    it is revealed to them.
Be still, O inhabitants of the coast;
    the merchants of Sidon, who cross the sea, have filled you.
And on many waters
your revenue was the grain of Shihor,
    the harvest of the Nile;
    you were the merchant of the nations.
Be ashamed, O Sidon, for the sea has spoken,
    the stronghold of the sea, saying:
“I have neither labored nor given birth,
    I have neither reared young men
    nor brought up young women.”
When the report comes to Egypt,
    they will be in anguish 4 23:5 Hebrew they will have labor pains over the report about Tyre.
Cross over to Tarshish;
    wail, O inhabitants of the coast!
Is this your exultant city
    whose origin is from days of old,
whose feet carried her
    to settle far away?
Who has purposed this
    against Tyre, the bestower of crowns,
whose merchants were princes,
    whose traders were the honored of the earth?
The LORD of hosts has purposed it,
    to defile the pompous pride of all glory, 5 23:9 The Hebrew words for glory and hosts sound alike
    to dishonor all the honored of the earth.
10  Cross over your land like the Nile,
    O daughter of Tarshish;
    there is no restraint anymore.
11  He has stretched out his hand over the sea;
    he has shaken the kingdoms;
the LORD has given command concerning Canaan
    to destroy its strongholds.
12  And he said:
“You will no more exult,
    O oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon;
arise, cross over to Cyprus,
    even there you will have no rest.”

13 Behold the land of the Chaldeans! This is the people that was not; 6 23:13 Or that has become nothing Assyria destined it for wild beasts. They erected their siege towers, they stripped her palaces bare, they made her a ruin.

14  Wail, O ships of Tarshish,
    for your stronghold is laid waste.

15 In that day Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years, like the days 7 23:15 Or lifetime of one king. At the end of seventy years, it will happen to Tyre as in the song of the prostitute:

16  “Take a harp;
    go about the city,
    O forgotten prostitute!
Make sweet melody;
    sing many songs,
    that you may be remembered.”

17 At the end of seventy years, the LORD will visit Tyre, and she will return to her wages and will prostitute herself with all the kingdoms of the world on the face of the earth. 18 Her merchandise and her wages will be holy to the LORD. It will not be stored or hoarded, but her merchandise will supply abundant food and fine clothing for those who dwell before the LORD.

Chapter 24

Judgment on the Whole Earth

Behold, the LORD will empty the earth 8 24:1 Or land; also throughout this chapter and make it desolate,
    and he will twist its surface and scatter its inhabitants.
And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest;
    as with the slave, so with his master;
    as with the maid, so with her mistress;
as with the buyer, so with the seller;
    as with the lender, so with the borrower;
    as with the creditor, so with the debtor.
The earth shall be utterly empty and utterly plundered;
    for the LORD has spoken this word.

The earth mourns and withers;
    the world languishes and withers;
    the highest people of the earth languish.
The earth lies defiled
    under its inhabitants;
for they have transgressed the laws,
    violated the statutes,
    broken the everlasting covenant.
Therefore a curse devours the earth,
    and its inhabitants suffer for their guilt;
therefore the inhabitants of the earth are scorched,
    and few men are left.
The wine mourns,
    the vine languishes,
    all the merry-hearted sigh.
The mirth of the tambourines is stilled,
    the noise of the jubilant has ceased,
    the mirth of the lyre is stilled.
No more do they drink wine with singing;
    strong drink is bitter to those who drink it.
10  The wasted city is broken down;
    every house is shut up so that none can enter.
11  There is an outcry in the streets for lack of wine;
    all joy has grown dark;
    the gladness of the earth is banished.
12  Desolation is left in the city;
    the gates are battered into ruins.
13  For thus it shall be in the midst of the earth
    among the nations,
as when an olive tree is beaten,
    as at the gleaning when the grape harvest is done.

14  They lift up their voices, they sing for joy;
    over the majesty of the LORD they shout from the west. 9 24:14 Hebrew from the sea
15  Therefore in the east 10 24:15 Hebrew in the realm of light, or with the fires give glory to the LORD;
    in the coastlands of the sea, give glory to the name of the LORD, the God of Israel.
16  From the ends of the earth we hear songs of praise,
    of glory to the Righteous One.
But I say, “I waste away,
    I waste away. Woe is me!
For the traitors have betrayed,
    with betrayal the traitors have betrayed.”

17  Terror and the pit and the snare 11 24:17 The Hebrew words for terror, pit, and snare sound alike
    are upon you, O inhabitant of the earth!
18  He who flees at the sound of the terror
    shall fall into the pit,
and he who climbs out of the pit
    shall be caught in the snare.
For the windows of heaven are opened,
    and the foundations of the earth tremble.
19  The earth is utterly broken,
    the earth is split apart,
    the earth is violently shaken.
20  The earth staggers like a drunken man;
    it sways like a hut;
its transgression lies heavy upon it,
    and it falls, and will not rise again.

21  On that day the LORD will punish
    the host of heaven, in heaven,
    and the kings of the earth, on the earth.
22  They will be gathered together
    as prisoners in a pit;
they will be shut up in a prison,
    and after many days they will be punished.
23  Then the moon will be confounded
    and the sun ashamed,
for the LORD of hosts reigns
    on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem,
and his glory will be before his elders.

Chapter 25

God Will Swallow Up Death Forever

O LORD, you are my God;
    I will exalt you; I will praise your name,
for you have done wonderful things,
    plans formed of old, faithful and sure.
For you have made the city a heap,
    the fortified city a ruin;
the foreigners' palace is a city no more;
    it will never be rebuilt.
Therefore strong peoples will glorify you;
    cities of ruthless nations will fear you.
For you have been a stronghold to the poor,
    a stronghold to the needy in his distress,
    a shelter from the storm and a shade from the heat;
for the breath of the ruthless is like a storm against a wall,
    like heat in a dry place.
You subdue the noise of the foreigners;
    as heat by the shade of a cloud,
    so the song of the ruthless is put down.

On this mountain the LORD of hosts will make for all peoples
    a feast of rich food, a feast of well-aged wine,
    of rich food full of marrow, of aged wine well refined.
And he will swallow up on this mountain
    the covering that is cast over all peoples,
    the veil that is spread over all nations.
    He will swallow up death forever;
and the Lord God will wipe away tears from all faces,
    and the reproach of his people he will take away from all the earth,
    for the LORD has spoken.
It will be said on that day,
    “Behold, this is our God; we have waited for him, that he might save us.
    This is the LORD; we have waited for him;
    let us be glad and rejoice in his salvation.”
10  For the hand of the LORD will rest on this mountain,
    and Moab shall be trampled down in his place,
    as straw is trampled down in a dunghill. 12 25:10 The Hebrew words for dunghill and for the Moabite town Madmen (Jeremiah 48:2) sound alike
11  And he will spread out his hands in the midst of it
    as a swimmer spreads his hands out to swim,
    but the LORD will lay low his pompous pride together with the skill 13 25:11 Or in spite of the skill of his hands.
12  And the high fortifications of his walls he will bring down,
    lay low, and cast to the ground, to the dust.

Chapter 26

You Keep Him in Perfect Peace

In that day this song will be sung in the land of Judah:

“We have a strong city;
    he sets up salvation
    as walls and bulwarks.
Open the gates,
    that the righteous nation that keeps faith may enter in.
You keep him in perfect peace
    whose mind is stayed on you,
    because he trusts in you.
Trust in the LORD forever,
    for the LORD God is an everlasting rock.
For he has humbled
    the inhabitants of the height,
    the lofty city.
He lays it low, lays it low to the ground,
    casts it to the dust.
The foot tramples it,
    the feet of the poor,
    the steps of the needy.”

The path of the righteous is level;
    you make level the way of the righteous.
In the path of your judgments,
    O LORD, we wait for you;
your name and remembrance
    are the desire of our soul.
My soul yearns for you in the night;
    my spirit within me earnestly seeks you.
For when your judgments are in the earth,
    the inhabitants of the world learn righteousness.
10  If favor is shown to the wicked,
    he does not learn righteousness;
in the land of uprightness he deals corruptly
    and does not see the majesty of the LORD.
11  O LORD, your hand is lifted up,
    but they do not see it.
Let them see your zeal for your people, and be ashamed.
    Let the fire for your adversaries consume them.
12  O LORD, you will ordain peace for us,
    for you have indeed done for us all our works.
13  O LORD our God,
    other lords besides you have ruled over us,
    but your name alone we bring to remembrance.
14  They are dead, they will not live;
    they are shades, they will not arise;
to that end you have visited them with destruction
    and wiped out all remembrance of them.
15  But you have increased the nation, O LORD,
    you have increased the nation; you are glorified;
    you have enlarged all the borders of the land.

16  O LORD, in distress they sought you;
    they poured out a whispered prayer
    when your discipline was upon them.
17  Like a pregnant woman
    who writhes and cries out in her pangs
    when she is near to giving birth,
so were we because of you, O LORD;
18      we were pregnant, we writhed,
    but we have given birth to wind.
We have accomplished no deliverance in the earth,
    and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen.
19  Your dead shall live; their bodies shall rise.
    You who dwell in the dust, awake and sing for joy!
For your dew is a dew of light,
    and the earth will give birth to the dead.

20  Come, my people, enter your chambers,
    and shut your doors behind you;
hide yourselves for a little while
    until the fury has passed by.
21  For behold, the LORD is coming out from his place
    to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity,
and the earth will disclose the blood shed on it,
    and will no more cover its slain.

Footnotes

[1] 21:5 Or they set the watchman
[2] 21:8 Dead Sea Scroll, Syriac; Masoretic Text Then a lion cried out, or Then he cried out like a lion
[3] 23:1 Hebrew Kittim; also verse 12
[4] 23:5 Hebrew they will have labor pains
[5] 23:9 The Hebrew words for glory and hosts sound alike
[6] 23:13 Or that has become nothing
[7] 23:15 Or lifetime
[8] 24:1 Or land; also throughout this chapter
[9] 24:14 Hebrew from the sea
[10] 24:15 Hebrew in the realm of light, or with the fires
[11] 24:17 The Hebrew words for terror, pit, and snare sound alike
[12] 25:10 The Hebrew words for dunghill and for the Moabite town Madmen (Jeremiah 48:2) sound alike
[13] 25:11 Or in spite of the skill
Table of Contents
Introduction to Isaiah

Introduction to Isaiah

Timeline

Author and Date

Isaiah was called to his prophetic ministry “in the year that King Uzziah died” (6:1), around 740 B.C. He lived long enough to record the death of Sennacherib (37:38), in 681. However, most of the book can be dated only in very general terms because few specific dates are given.

Theme

The central theme of the book is God himself, who does all things for his own glory (48:11). Isaiah defines everything else by how it relates to God: is it rightly related to him as the center of all reality (45:22–25)? God’s people find strength only as they rest in the promises of their God (30:15). They find refreshment only as they delight themselves in his word (55:1–2). To serve his cause is their worthy devotion (ch. 62), but to rebel against him is endless death (66:24).

Simplified Overview of Isaiah

Isaiah 1–39 Isaiah 40–55 Isaiah 56–66
Date and Setting The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end
Audience God’s rebellious people craving worldly security God’s defeated people under worldly domination All who hold fast to God’s covenant
Actions God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment God encourages his discouraged people in exile God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation
Message “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1)

Key Themes

 1. God is offended by religious practices that come from an empty heart or a careless life (1:10–17; 58:1–12; 66:1–4).

 2. God’s true people will someday become a multinational community of worship and peace that will last forever (2:2–4; 56:3–8; 66:18–23). They will be the predominant culture of a new world (14:1–2; 41:8–16; 43:3–7; 60:1–22).

 3. God opposes human pride (2:10–17; 13:11; 23:9).

 4. The foolish idols that man creates are destined for destruction (2:20–21; 44:9–20; 46:1–7).

 5. God’s judgment will reduce Israel to a remnant. From this remnant he will raise up a holy people (1:9; 6:1–12:6; 40:1–2).

 6. God sometimes judges people by making them deaf and blind to his saving word (29:9–14).

 7. The only hope of the world is in one man. He is the promised Davidic king (7:14; 9:2–7; 11:1–10), the servant of the Lord (42:1–9; 52:13–53:12), the anointed preacher of the gospel (61:1–3), and the victor over all evil (63:1–6).

 8. God uses everything, even human sin, for his own glory (44:24–45:13).

 9. All people are called to repent of sin and trust in God alone (12:2; 26:3–4; 32:17–18; 50:10; 66:2).

10. Often, when God’s people feel abandoned by him (40:27), they foolishly trust in worldly powers (31:1–3; 39:1–8).

11. God will vindicate his cause with a world-transforming display of his glory (11:10; 40:3–5; 52:10; 59:19).

12. God is guiding all of human history (41:1–4; 44:6–8; 46:8–11).

13. God’s faithfulness and the certainty of his final victory should motivate his people to pray and to be obedient (56:1–2; 62:1–64:12).

14. The wrath of God is to be feared above all else (9:19; 13:9, 13; 30:27; 34:2; 66:15–16).

Outline

  1. Introduction: “Ah, Sinful Nation!” (1:1–5:30)
  2. God Redefines the Future of His People: “Your Guilt Is Taken Away” (6:1–12:6)
  3. God’s Judgment and Grace for the World: “We Have a Strong City” (13:1–27:13)
  4. God’s Sovereign Word Spoken into the World: “Ah!” (28:1–35:10)
  5. Historical Transition: “In Whom Do You Now Trust?” (36:1–39:8)
  6. Encouragement for God’s Exiles: “The Glory of the Lord Shall Be Revealed” (40:1–55:13)
  7. How to Prepare for the Coming Glory: “Hold Fast My Covenant” (56:1–66:24)

The Near East at the Time of Isaiah

c. 740 B.C.

The prophecies of Isaiah took place during the rise of the Assyrian Empire. Assyria posed a great threat to Israel and Judah as well as the entire Near East.

The Near East at the Time of Isaiah

The Global Message of Isaiah

The Global Message of Isaiah

A God-centered Vision of All Things

Dating from the eighth century B.C., and centering on God’s promises of protection, deliverance, purging, and restoration for his guilty and defiled covenant people, the book of Isaiah presents an incredibly rich landscape of salvation history in all its eternal and global scope. God has a purpose and plan, and his eternal decree will stand. It will be neither thwarted by strong and aggressive nations (Isa. 14:26–27) nor derailed by unfaithful ones (1:4, 9). God has a message for the world that he created, and he declares without equivocation,

“I am God, and there is none like me, declaring the end from the beginning and from ancient times things not yet done, saying, ‘My counsel shall stand, and I will accomplish all my purpose.’” (Isa. 46:9–10)

At the center of this global and eternal stage stands the Lord. He stands as the sovereign God (Isa. 43:13), the Holy One of Israel (1:4; 5:19, 24; 10:20; 12:6; 17:7; 29:19; 30:11, 12, 15; 31:1; 37:23; 41:14, 16, 20; 43:3, 14; 45:11; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7; 54:5; 55:5, 60:9, 14), our redeemer (41:14; 43:14; 47:4; 48:17; 54:5), and the only Savior of the world (43:11).

Judgment and Salvation for All Nations

A righteous God. God himself is our salvation (Isa. 12:2; 17:10; 33:2, 6). He alone is “mighty to save” (63:1). He is incomparably great (40:25), and he is “holy, holy, holy” (6:3). The message of the book of Isaiah to the world begins with warning. Human pride and boasting are utterly foolish and a great danger before this righteous God (2:11–17; 10:33; 13:11; 16:6; 23:9; 28:1–4). Indeed, a day of judgment is coming (2:12–22, 24:1–23), so let all the nations of the earth take heed. Whether it is corporate greed, national pride, individual self-dependence, or Babel-like self-exaltation (Gen. 11:1–9), this is a message for our world today. Sin will not go unpunished. The sovereign Lord is watching.

A saving God. But warning gives way to merciful promises of salvation. The message of the book of Isaiah to the world is that there is indeed a Savior, the Messiah, who has humbly, painfully, and gloriously won salvation for sinners and for all who would trust in him (Isa. 4:2; 7:14; 9:6–7; 11:1–5; 42:1–4; 52:13–53:12; 61:1–3). Death itself is swallowed up, and our reproach is removed (25:8). What an astonishing salvation! There is no one in our world today too sinful to be saved, too hurt to be healed, too lost to be found, or too far away to be brought near. God, our Savior, is Immanuel, God with us (7:14). He saves. It is who he is.

A global God. This salvation is for all nations. God’s promise to Abraham to bless the nations of the world (Gen. 12:1–3) is affirmed throughout the book of Isaiah. Even as the seraphim declare that “the whole earth is full of his glory!” (Isa. 6:3), so it shall be, and so it is coming to pass even today, that the whole world will be filled with God’s glory (Hab. 2:14; Num. 14:21; Ps. 72:19). In Isaiah 19 we read that one day even the hated nations of Assyria and Egypt, both of whom at some time enslaved Israel, will be included within God’s gracious purposes (Isa. 19:16–25).

A trustworthy God. Our confidence in our global missionary endeavor is not in our techniques, resources, or strategies. It rests instead upon the promises and faithfulness of God. As declared in Isaiah 25:5–7, the glory of the Lord will be revealed, and all mankind will see it; the feast of the Lord Almighty will be enjoyed by all peoples, and the veil of sin, ignorance, and death will be removed from all peoples and nations! No tribe, language, people, or nation will be excluded from the salvation of the Lord (Rev. 5:9). This is not the language of exaggeration. It is the declaration of the invincible determination of our almighty and trustworthy God (Isa. 46:9–10).

Gospel Freedom and Proclamation to All Nations

A divine liberation. The gospel is a message of freedom to a world that is weary from bondage. So many among the nations are burdened—burdened by the relentless demands and empty promises of mankind’s religions, philosophies, and idols. Such things are “borne as burdens on weary beasts” (Isa. 46:1). But God’s message to a weary world today is that, rather than being a burden to us, the Lord himself has borne his people; he has carried us from the womb, and will carry us to our dying day, finally saving us (46:3–5).

A proclaimed salvation. God’s people worldwide have the glorious privilege of proclaiming this message of freedom: “‘You are my witnesses,’ declares the LORD” (Isa. 43:10, 12; see also Acts 1:8). Indeed, our very lives are an indispensable part of our witness that God uses to attract the nations to himself. As Christ taught, “By this all people will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another” (John 13:35). The glory and goodness of God is reflected in and through his people, by their words and by their actions.

A fearless proclamation. As we serve our God, make known his deeds among the peoples (Isa. 12:4; 66:19), and herald the good news from high mountaintops (52:7), we are commanded not to fear (40:9). Because God is our salvation, we “will trust, and will not be afraid” (12:2). To those persecuted because of their witness to Christ around the world today, we have the great comfort of Isaiah 43:

“When you pass through the waters, I will be with you;

    and through the rivers, they shall not overwhelm you;

when you walk through fire you shall not be burned,

    and the flame shall not consume you.” (Isa. 43:2)

God will protect, renew, and restore his global people. Our assurance rests in his deeply comforting words to us:

“Because you are precious in my eyes,

    and honored, and I love you,

I give men in return for you,

    peoples in exchange for your life.” (Isa. 43:4)

He has proven this love in an ultimate way by sending us his Son to give his life in exchange for ours.

A Message of Cosmic Significance

We have a glorious message to proclaim to the world. We are to be “beautiful feet” bringing good news of happiness and salvation to the nations (Isa. 52:7). We are privileged and called to “walk in the light of the LORD” (2:5). We are to present to the world the open invitation of God—the invitation for cleansing and forgiveness (1:18). The invitation to receive compassion, feeding, care, and life (55:1–3). The invitation to seek the Lord and turn from our wicked ways (55:6–7).

With joy we will draw water from the wells of salvation (Isa. 12:3), and on that day we will all say,

“ Give thanks to the LORD,

    call upon his name,

make known his deeds among the peoples,

    proclaim that his name is exalted.

“Sing praises to the LORD, for he has done gloriously;

    let this be made known in all the earth.” (Isa. 12:4–5)

Isaiah Fact #13: Key to the house of David

Fact: Key to the house of David

The key to the house of David was carried by the steward, and it opened every door and gate in the palace. It was probably bronze and was large enough that it had to be worn around the neck (“on his shoulder,” 22:22). For the steward, it was a status symbol.

Isaiah Fact #14: Cyprus

Fact: Cyprus

Cyprus (23:1) is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Seafarers like the people of Sidon (23:12) would have valued it as both a seaport and a place of refuge.

Datable Events in the Book of Isaiah

Datable Events in the Book of Isaiah

Uzziah’s death; Isaiah’s call ch. 6 740 B.C.
Days of Ahaz ch. 7 c. 735
Assyrian invasion chs. 36–38 701
Sennacherib’s death 37:38 681
Babylonians will destroy Jerusalem 39:6–8 586
Israel will return from Babylonian exile chs. 40–48 538
Simplified Overview of Isaiah

Simplified Overview of Isaiah

Isaiah 1–39 Isaiah 40–55 Isaiah 56–66
Date and Setting The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end
Audience God’s rebellious people craving worldly security God’s defeated people under worldly domination All who hold fast to God’s covenant
Actions God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment God encourages his discouraged people in exile God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation
Message “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1)
Activity of the Writing Prophets during the Reigns of the Kings of Israel and Judah

Activity of the Writing Prophets during the Reigns of the Kings of Israel and Judah

Timeline King of Judah // Event Prophet to Judah Prophet to Israel King of Israel // Event
780 B.C.       Jeroboam II (781–753)
770          
760 Uzziah     (c. 760) (c. 760)    
  (Azariah)     Amos Jonah    
  (767–740)            
            (c. 755)  
            Hosea Zechariah (753–752)
              Shallum (752)
750   Jotham       Menahem (752–742)
    (750–735) Micah (c. 742) Isaiah (c. 740)     Pekahiah (742–740)
740             Pekah (740–732)
  Ahaz (735–715)         Hoshea (732–722)
730            
720           Fall of Samaria (722)
710 Hezekiah (715–686)      
700      
680 Manasseh (686–642) Nahum (c. 660–630)  
660 Amon (642–640)    
640 Josiah (640–609) Zephaniah (c. 640–609)  
    Habakkuk (c. 640–609)  
620   (c. 627)     
600   Jeremiah     
  Jehoahaz (609)      
  Jehoiakim (609–597)   (c. 605)    
  Jehoiachin (597)   Daniel    
  Zedekiah (597–586)     (c. 597)  
        Ezekiel  
  Fall of Jerusalem (586) Obadiah      
    (after 586)      
580          
560          
540          
520 1st return of exiles (538) Haggai (c. 520)  
  Temple rebuilt (516/515) Zechariah (c. 520)  
500      
480      
460 2nd return of exiles (458) Malachi (c. 460)  
440 3rd return of exiles (445)    
  • Major prophets
  • Minor prophets

Joel is not displayed as the dates are uncertain and estimates range from the 9th to the 4th centuries B.C.

Micah’s prophecy was likely directed toward both Judah and Israel.

Oracles against the Nations in the Prophets

Oracles against the Nations in the Prophets

Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Nahum Zephaniah Zechariah*
Ammon 49:1–6 25:1–7 1:13–15
Arabia 21:13–17
Assyria (Nineveh) 10:5–19; 14:24–27 (Nineveh) (Nineveh)
Babylon 13:1–14:23; 21:1–10; 46:1–47:15 50:1–51:64 2:9–12?
Damascus 17:1–6? 49:23–27 1:3–5 9:1
Edom 21:11–12 49:7–22 25:12–14 1:11–12 1–14?
Egypt 18:1–20:6 46:2–26 29:1–32:32
Elam 49:34–39
Ethiopia 2:12–15
Gaza 1:6–8 9:5
Kedar and Hazor 49:28–33
Lebanon 11:1–3?
Moab 15:1–16:14 48:1–47 25:8–11 2:1–3 2:8–11
Philistia 14:28–32 47:1–7 25:15–17 3:4–8 2:5–7 9:6
Tyre Sidon 23:1–18 26:1–28:19; 28:20–23 3:4–8 1:9–10 9:2–3

*Additional cities /states are denounced in 9:1–8: Hadrach, Aram (v. 1); Ashkelon, Ekron (v. 5); Ashdod (v. 6)

Study Notes

Isa. 21:1 the wilderness of the sea. The first oracle (vv. 1–10) concerns Babylon (v. 9), but the cryptic title suggests a place both deserted (wilderness) and flooded (sea), thus doubly hopeless (see Jer. 51:42–43). Babylon represents the condition of the whole world. it comes. The approach of a dreaded message.

Study Notes

Isa. 21:3–4 the twilight I longed for . . . trembling. The prophet longed to see God intervene in the world, but he trembles when he sees the reality of that intervention.

Study Notes

Isa. 21:7, 9 riders. Mounted warriors.

Isa. 21:9 Fallen, fallen is Babylon. The repeated cry emphasizes Babylon’s final and total destruction (see Rev. 14:8; 18:2). Her gods represent the worldview giving Babylon her legitimacy. Thus, the world’s most cherished beliefs are shattered.

Study Notes

Isa. 21:10 my threshed and winnowed one. Probably Judah, dominated by Assyria and abandoned by Babylon.

Study Notes

Isa. 21:11 The designation of Isaiah’s oracle concerning Dumah (Hebrew “silence,” that is, the land of silence; see Ps. 94:17; 115:17) most likely represents a wordplay on the similar-sounding name “Edom.” The mention of Seir confirms Edom as the object of this oracle (see Gen. 32:3). Watchman, what time of the night? An Edomite pleads with the prophet to announce how much longer his nation must endure the darkness of its troubled history. The repetition of his question conveys his desperation.

Study Notes

Isa. 21:11–12 The second oracle of the second series (21:1–23:18) pictures prolonged darkness enveloping a frightened world.

Isa. 21:12 The prophet’s answer is vague: morning is sure to come, with more night as well. But Edom is urged to keep inquiring.

Study Notes

Isa. 21:13–17 The third oracle shows fugitives running from violence.

See chart See chart
Oracles against the Nations in the Prophets

Oracles against the Nations in the Prophets

Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Nahum Zephaniah Zechariah*
Ammon 49:1–6 25:1–7 1:13–15
Arabia 21:13–17
Assyria (Nineveh) 10:5–19; 14:24–27 (Nineveh) (Nineveh)
Babylon 13:1–14:23; 21:1–10; 46:1–47:15 50:1–51:64 2:9–12?
Damascus 17:1–6? 49:23–27 1:3–5 9:1
Edom 21:11–12 49:7–22 25:12–14 1:11–12 1–14?
Egypt 18:1–20:6 46:2–26 29:1–32:32
Elam 49:34–39
Ethiopia 2:12–15
Gaza 1:6–8 9:5
Kedar and Hazor 49:28–33
Lebanon 11:1–3?
Moab 15:1–16:14 48:1–47 25:8–11 2:1–3 2:8–11
Philistia 14:28–32 47:1–7 25:15–17 3:4–8 2:5–7 9:6
Tyre Sidon 23:1–18 26:1–28:19; 28:20–23 3:4–8 1:9–10 9:2–3

*Additional cities /states are denounced in 9:1–8: Hadrach, Aram (v. 1); Ashkelon, Ekron (v. 5); Ashdod (v. 6)

Study Notes

Isa. 22:1 valley of vision. Jerusalem (vv. 9–10). The irony is twofold: Mount Zion has become a valley, and the spiritual vision to be expected there has become a desire for present pleasure without regard for God (vv. 11, 13).

Study Notes

Isa. 22:5 For. The reason for Jerusalem’s fall is the will of the Lord God of hosts. The tumult and trampling and confusion of warfare replaces the wild pleasure-seeking of vv. 1–2.

Study Notes

Isa. 22:6 Elam and Kir refer to foreign invaders.

Study Notes

Isa. 22:7 full of chariots. The jubilant shouting (v. 2) is replaced by enemy chariots.

Study Notes

Isa. 22:8b the House of the Forest. The place for storing weapons in Jerusalem (see 1 Kings 7:2–5; 10:17).

Study Notes

Isa. 22:8b–11 These verses show the irony of pursuing military readiness while neglecting the sovereign God who controls the situation.

Study Notes

Isa. 22:12–13 Isaiah contrasts what the Lord God of hosts called for with how his unrepentant people responded (v. 5). joy and gladness. In this case, an empty substitute for true happiness (see 35:10). Let us eat and drink. God’s people are focused on temporary pleasure.

Study Notes

Isa. 22:1–14 The people of Jerusalem are marked by mindless attempts to save themselves from Assyria.

Isa. 22:14 this iniquity. That is, the sin of looking to something other than God for rescue.

Study Notes
Study Notes

Isa. 22:22 The key symbolizes the steward’s authority to make binding decisions in the interests of the king (see Matt. 16:19).

Isaiah Fact #13: Key to the house of David

Fact: Key to the house of David

The key to the house of David was carried by the steward, and it opened every door and gate in the palace. It was probably bronze and was large enough that it had to be worn around the neck (“on his shoulder,” 22:22). For the steward, it was a status symbol.

Study Notes

Isa. 22:1–25 The fourth oracle shows the light of the world, Jerusalem, growing dark.

Study Notes
Isaiah Fact #14: Cyprus

Fact: Cyprus

Cyprus (23:1) is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Seafarers like the people of Sidon (23:12) would have valued it as both a seaport and a place of refuge.

Study Notes

Isa. 23:7–9 The devastation of the city prompts the deeper question, Who could decree the downfall of so great a human power? The LORD of hosts. See 14:24–27; and note on 1 Sam. 1:3. God will never make peace with human pride.

Study Notes

Isa. 23:11 He has stretched out his hand over the sea in sovereign authority (see Ex. 14:16). Tyre and Sidon were part of what once was Canaan (see Josh. 5:1).

Study Notes
Isaiah Fact #14: Cyprus

Fact: Cyprus

Cyprus (23:1) is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Seafarers like the people of Sidon (23:12) would have valued it as both a seaport and a place of refuge.

Study Notes

Isa. 23:13 The prophet directs Tyre’s attention to Babylon in the land of the Chaldeans, ruined by the Assyrians. If Babylon is vulnerable, so is Tyre.

Study Notes

Isa. 23:1–14 God humbles Tyre, a successful port on the Phoenician coast and the merchant of the nations (v. 3; see Ezek. 28:1–10).

Study Notes

Isa. 21:1–23:18 Five new oracles reveal God’s ruling and judging the wilderness by the sea (21:1–10), Dumah (21:11–12), Arabia (21:13–17), the valley of vision (22:1–25), and Tyre (23:1–18).

Isa. 23:1–18 The fifth oracle concerns the judgment and redemption of Tyre.

Isa. 23:15–18 The prostitute Tyre will soon be back in business, but will ultimately be redeemed (like other nations, e.g., 19:23–25).

Isa. 23:17–18 The hardened, unfaithful woman, deeply bound to the corruption of wealth, is made holy to the LORD and devoted to his people (v. 18). Deuteronomy 23:18 forbids the wages of a prostitute from being consecrated; the reversal here implies redemption.

See chart See chart
Oracles against the Nations in the Prophets

Oracles against the Nations in the Prophets

Isaiah Jeremiah Ezekiel Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Nahum Zephaniah Zechariah*
Ammon 49:1–6 25:1–7 1:13–15
Arabia 21:13–17
Assyria (Nineveh) 10:5–19; 14:24–27 (Nineveh) (Nineveh)
Babylon 13:1–14:23; 21:1–10; 46:1–47:15 50:1–51:64 2:9–12?
Damascus 17:1–6? 49:23–27 1:3–5 9:1
Edom 21:11–12 49:7–22 25:12–14 1:11–12 1–14?
Egypt 18:1–20:6 46:2–26 29:1–32:32
Elam 49:34–39
Ethiopia 2:12–15
Gaza 1:6–8 9:5
Kedar and Hazor 49:28–33
Lebanon 11:1–3?
Moab 15:1–16:14 48:1–47 25:8–11 2:1–3 2:8–11
Philistia 14:28–32 47:1–7 25:15–17 3:4–8 2:5–7 9:6
Tyre Sidon 23:1–18 26:1–28:19; 28:20–23 3:4–8 1:9–10 9:2–3

*Additional cities /states are denounced in 9:1–8: Hadrach, Aram (v. 1); Ashkelon, Ekron (v. 5); Ashdod (v. 6)

Study Notes

Isa. 24:1 Behold, the LORD. The first impression conveyed by the vision is the active presence of God. scatter. The same Hebrew word as “dispersed” in the story of Babel (Gen. 11:4, 8, 9). Recalling Babel, Isaiah foresees a final judgment of human independence.

Study Notes

Isa. 24:5 The earth lies defiled . . . for they have transgressed the laws. Human sin pollutes the world (see Num. 35:34). violated the statutes. Judgment comes as the world defies God’s revealed will. the everlasting covenant. Perhaps the covenant given through Noah (Gen. 9:16), which applies to all mankind; or the covenant with the house of David (2 Sam. 23:5; Isa. 55:3), through which all mankind will be blessed.

Study Notes

Isa. 24:10 The wasted city. The city is an important image in this section (see v. 12; 25:2; 26:1–2, 5; 27:10). Isaiah sees world culture as a city because it is a populated place of imagined safety. “Wasted” is translated “without form” in Gen. 1:2. The world city of human civilization, though highly developed, rejects the will of God and thus wastes its own potential.

Study Notes

Isa. 24:14–16 The drunken binge of vv. 7–11 is replaced with the joyful worship of those redeemed from the world.

Isa. 24:16 Woe is me! The prophet laments the betrayal of the world (see 6:5; 21:2–4).

Study Notes

Isa. 24:21 On that day. The focal point toward which God is leading history, mentioned seven times in this section (v. 21; 25:9; 26:1; 27:1, 2, 12, 13).

Study Notes

Isa. 24:23 The moon and sun are outshone by the glory of the LORD of hosts reigning in triumph forever from his city, Jerusalem on Mount Zion. For “LORD of hosts,” see note on 1 Sam. 1:3.

Study Notes

Isa. 25:1 you are my God. Though worldwide in scope, redemption is personal. Wonderful things refers especially to the remarkable acts of God, which bear the marks of his supernatural intervention in the natural world and human events (see 9:6). plans formed of old. Not a last-minute attempt but a long-assured victory (see 14:24–27).

Study Notes

Isa. 25:2 the city. See note on 24:10.

Study Notes

Isa. 25:1–5 Human domination is overthrown by God.

Isa. 25:4–5 stronghold. The redeemed have in God something better than the “fortified city” of man (v. 2).

Study Notes

Isa. 25:6 for all peoples. The five uses of “all” in vv. 6–8 suggests the fullness of God’s salvation. a feast. This is God’s generous answer to the worldly partying silenced in 24:7–11 (see 55:1–2; Rev. 19:9).

Study Notes

Isa. 25:6–8 God relieves human sorrow.

Isa. 25:7–8 the covering . . . the veil. The pall of death hanging over all human activity under the curse (see Gen. 3:17–19). God will swallow it up and give back life (see Rev. 1:17–18). At some future time God’s people will no longer experience death but will live forever.

Study Notes

Isa. 25:9 Behold. See 24:1. At last, the reality of a renewed society and a renewed earth anticipated by those who patiently waited (see the expectation in 40:9–11). this is our God. An expression of wholehearted identification with him (see Ex. 29:45–46). we have waited. Salvation is worth the wait, and is even worth the reproach of Isa. 25:8.

Study Notes

Isa. 25:10 dunghill. The alternative to the feast of v. 6.

Study Notes

Isa. 25:9–12 God humbles human pride.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:1 a strong city. Contrast “the wasted city” in 24:10. salvation as walls. See Zech. 2:5.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:2 Open the gates. Contrast “every house is shut up” in 24:10. Zion welcomes those coming to worship and fears no threats.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:3 perfect peace. The peace described here is first the corporate peace of the city (v. 1) and the nation (v. 2) that comes from the “hand of the LORD” (25:10). It is also the individual peace of the person whose mind is stayed on God. The source of such peace is the righteous, sovereign, saving God (25:9), who “will swallow up death forever” and “will wipe away” every tear (25:8; see Rev. 21:4), and who alone is worthy of trust.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:4 Trust in the LORD. This is the practical challenge that the book of Isaiah lays down for God’s people (see 12:2; 31:1; 32:17; 50:10).

Study Notes

Isa. 26:8–9 you . . . you . . . you. God himself is the one his people wholeheartedly desire. the inhabitants of the world. Desire for God inspires a longing that all would recognize him.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:10–11 This cry for vindication is the focus of ch. 26.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:12 The future is bright, because salvation belongs to God alone.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:13–15 wiped out all remembrance. Evil is not only defeated, it even fades from memory (see 35:10; 65:17).

Study Notes

Isa. 26:16–18 The nation’s historic pattern of failure (they, v. 16) is continued by the present generation (we, vv. 17–18). Although Israel was called to spread God’s message of deliverance to the world (Gen. 12:1–3; Ex. 19:5–6), they failed, and the world went on as before.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:19 In contrast with the finality of death in v. 14, v. 19 rejoices in a bodily resurrection of all God’s people. The long-standing failure described in vv. 16–18 will be dramatically reversed by God’s power alone.

Study Notes

Isa. 26:20–21 shut your doors. Contrast “open the gates” in v. 2. Isaiah alludes to Gen. 7:16 and perhaps Ex. 12:21–23.

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Dive Deeper | Isaiah 21-26

While these prophecies may feel confusing, they become so rich when we have context and seek understanding from the history and outcomes of the events of that time. Descriptions of destruction, corrupted hearts, people groups in ruin, and others exalted for God's glory provide just a glimpse into the lofty message Isaiah had to deliver. We see God's wrath being poured out. You might be wondering why our compassionate, slow-to-anger, and abounding-in-love God would respond in these ways. What I love most about these chapters is that both justice and hope are woven through the words recorded long ago.

 There are many places where we could dive deeper in these passages, but, for today, I want to camp out in the character of God and the hope for those who fully trust in him.

Deuteronomy 32:4 says, "The Rock, his work is perfect, for all his ways are justice. A God of faithfulness and without iniquity, just and upright is he." Here, we see characteristics such as perfect, faithful, sinless, and just. He knows the hearts of humanity, and, throughout these chapters in Isaiah, we see the consequences of unrepentant and corrupted hearts. God must deal with those who oppose him, his perfect way, and his people. He cannot and will not let sin and injustice go unpunished. For the nations to which Isaiah is prophesying, wrath and destruction are headed their way—it's inevitable. The same is true for those in the past, present, and future who refuse to accept God's grace. 

God displayed the characteristic of grace through Jesus. His just wrath poured out, not on a dead Man, but on a Man who, days later, defeated the grave. With sin fully dealt with, we are given peace for our future. We can see how God made provision for our salvation. Isaiah 26:12 and John 19:30 both point us to his work of redemption. Our Lord is full of love, justice, and forgiveness.

This month's memory verse

"But he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his wounds we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned—every one—to his own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all.”

– Isaiah 53:5-6

Discussion Questions

1. The gospel of Jesus is something that Christians—especially after following Christ for a while—tend to forget its weightiness and awe. Is this true of you? If so, take some time and ask the Lord to renew your heart and mind toward his perfect provision that he makes available for you out of his desire to spend eternity with you.

2. Isaiah 26:3-4 (CSB) says, "You will keep the mind that is dependent on you in perfect peace, for it is trusting in you. Trust in the LORD forever, because in the LORD, the LORD himself, is an everlasting rock!" What do you think it looks like to live in light of eternity here on earth? When others are around you, do they see the peace that comes from trusting the Lord?

3. It's been over 2,000 years since Jesus ascended to heaven. Scripture makes it clear that he will come back again. While we wait for that day, we have a commission from the Lord. May we eagerly shout from the rooftops the redemption Christ makes available! Whom can you share this good news with today?