July 18, 2025
Big Book Idea
Though his judgment would come upon Israel, God is marked by mercy and compassion. But God's forbearance toward sinful Israel wouldn't last forever.
Therefore strong peoples will glorify you;
cities of ruthless nations will fear you.
1 The oracle concerning the wilderness of the sea.
As whirlwinds in the Negeb sweep on,
it comes from the wilderness,
from a terrible land.
2
A stern vision is told to me;
the traitor betrays,
and the destroyer destroys.
Go up, O Elam;
lay siege, O Media;
all the sighing she has caused
I bring to an end.
3
Therefore my loins are filled with anguish;
pangs have seized me,
like the pangs of a woman in labor;
I am bowed down so that I cannot hear;
I am dismayed so that I cannot see.
4
My heart staggers; horror has appalled me;
the twilight I longed for
has been turned for me into trembling.
5
They prepare the table,
they spread the rugs,
1
21:5
Or they set the watchman
they eat, they drink.
Arise, O princes;
oil the shield!
6
For thus the Lord said to me:
“Go, set a watchman;
let him announce what he sees.
7
When he sees riders, horsemen in pairs,
riders on donkeys, riders on camels,
let him listen diligently,
very diligently.”
8
Then he who saw cried out:
2
21:8
Dead Sea Scroll, Syriac; Masoretic Text Then a lion cried out, or Then he cried out like a lion
“Upon a watchtower I stand, O Lord,
continually by day,
and at my post I am stationed
whole nights.
9
And behold, here come riders,
horsemen in pairs!”
And he answered,
“Fallen, fallen is Babylon;
and all the carved images of her gods
he has shattered to the ground.”
10
O my threshed and winnowed one,
what I have heard from the LORD of hosts,
the God of Israel, I announce to you.
11 The oracle concerning Dumah.
One is calling to me from Seir,
“Watchman, what time of the night?
Watchman, what time of the night?”
12
The watchman says:
“Morning comes, and also the night.
If you will inquire, inquire;
come back again.”
13 The oracle concerning Arabia.
In the thickets in Arabia you will lodge,
O caravans of Dedanites.
14
To the thirsty bring water;
meet the fugitive with bread,
O inhabitants of the land of Tema.
15
For they have fled from the swords,
from the drawn sword,
from the bent bow,
and from the press of battle.
16 For thus the Lord said to me, “Within a year, according to the years of a hired worker, all the glory of Kedar will come to an end. 17 And the remainder of the archers of the mighty men of the sons of Kedar will be few, for the LORD, the God of Israel, has spoken.”
1 The oracle concerning the valley of vision.
What do you mean that you have gone up,
all of you, to the housetops,
2
you who are full of shoutings,
tumultuous city, exultant town?
Your slain are not slain with the sword
or dead in battle.
3
All your leaders have fled together;
without the bow they were captured.
All of you who were found were captured,
though they had fled far away.
4
Therefore I said:
“Look away from me;
let me weep bitter tears;
do not labor to comfort me
concerning the destruction of the daughter of my people.”
5
For the Lord God of hosts has a day
of tumult and trampling and confusion
in the valley of vision,
a battering down of walls
and a shouting to the mountains.
6
And Elam bore the quiver
with chariots and horsemen,
and Kir uncovered the shield.
7
Your choicest valleys were full of chariots,
and the horsemen took their stand at the gates.
8
He has taken away the covering of Judah.
In that day you looked to the weapons of the House of the Forest, 9 and you saw that the breaches of the city of David were many. You collected the waters of the lower pool, 10 and you counted the houses of Jerusalem, and you broke down the houses to fortify the wall. 11 You made a reservoir between the two walls for the water of the old pool. But you did not look to him who did it, or see him who planned it long ago.
12
In that day the Lord God of hosts
called for weeping and mourning,
for baldness and wearing sackcloth;
13
and behold, joy and gladness,
killing oxen and slaughtering sheep,
eating flesh and drinking wine.
“Let us eat and drink,
for tomorrow we die.”
14
The LORD of hosts has revealed himself in my ears:
“Surely this iniquity will not be atoned for you until you die,”
says the Lord God of hosts.
15 Thus says the Lord God of hosts, “Come, go to this steward, to Shebna, who is over the household, and say to him: 16 What have you to do here, and whom have you here, that you have cut out here a tomb for yourself, you who cut out a tomb on the height and carve a dwelling for yourself in the rock? 17 Behold, the LORD will hurl you away violently, O you strong man. He will seize firm hold on you 18 and whirl you around and around, and throw you like a ball into a wide land. There you shall die, and there shall be your glorious chariots, you shame of your master's house. 19 I will thrust you from your office, and you will be pulled down from your station. 20 In that day I will call my servant Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, 21 and I will clothe him with your robe, and will bind your sash on him, and will commit your authority to his hand. And he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah. 22 And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David. He shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. 23 And I will fasten him like a peg in a secure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his father's house. 24 And they will hang on him the whole honor of his father's house, the offspring and issue, every small vessel, from the cups to all the flagons. 25 In that day, declares the LORD of hosts, the peg that was fastened in a secure place will give way, and it will be cut down and fall, and the load that was on it will be cut off, for the LORD has spoken.”
1 The oracle concerning Tyre.
Wail, O ships of Tarshish,
for Tyre is laid waste, without house or harbor!
From the land of Cyprus
3
23:1
Hebrew Kittim; also verse 12
it is revealed to them.
2
Be still, O inhabitants of the coast;
the merchants of Sidon, who cross the sea, have filled you.
3
And on many waters
your revenue was the grain of Shihor,
the harvest of the Nile;
you were the merchant of the nations.
4
Be ashamed, O Sidon, for the sea has spoken,
the stronghold of the sea, saying:
“I have neither labored nor given birth,
I have neither reared young men
nor brought up young women.”
5
When the report comes to Egypt,
they will be in anguish
4
23:5
Hebrew they will have labor pains
over the report about Tyre.
6
Cross over to Tarshish;
wail, O inhabitants of the coast!
7
Is this your exultant city
whose origin is from days of old,
whose feet carried her
to settle far away?
8
Who has purposed this
against Tyre, the bestower of crowns,
whose merchants were princes,
whose traders were the honored of the earth?
9
The LORD of hosts has purposed it,
to defile the pompous pride of all glory,
5
23:9
The Hebrew words for glory and hosts sound alike
to dishonor all the honored of the earth.
10
Cross over your land like the Nile,
O daughter of Tarshish;
there is no restraint anymore.
11
He has stretched out his hand over the sea;
he has shaken the kingdoms;
the LORD has given command concerning Canaan
to destroy its strongholds.
12
And he said:
“You will no more exult,
O oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon;
arise, cross over to Cyprus,
even there you will have no rest.”
13 Behold the land of the Chaldeans! This is the people that was not; 6 23:13 Or that has become nothing Assyria destined it for wild beasts. They erected their siege towers, they stripped her palaces bare, they made her a ruin.
14
Wail, O ships of Tarshish,
for your stronghold is laid waste.
15 In that day Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years, like the days 7 23:15 Or lifetime of one king. At the end of seventy years, it will happen to Tyre as in the song of the prostitute:
16
“Take a harp;
go about the city,
O forgotten prostitute!
Make sweet melody;
sing many songs,
that you may be remembered.”
17 At the end of seventy years, the LORD will visit Tyre, and she will return to her wages and will prostitute herself with all the kingdoms of the world on the face of the earth. 18 Her merchandise and her wages will be holy to the LORD. It will not be stored or hoarded, but her merchandise will supply abundant food and fine clothing for those who dwell before the LORD.
1
Behold, the LORD will empty the earth
8
24:1
Or land; also throughout this chapter
and make it desolate,
and he will twist its surface and scatter its inhabitants.
2
And it shall be, as with the people, so with the priest;
as with the slave, so with his master;
as with the maid, so with her mistress;
as with the buyer, so with the seller;
as with the lender, so with the borrower;
as with the creditor, so with the debtor.
3
The earth shall be utterly empty and utterly plundered;
for the LORD has spoken this word.
4
The earth mourns and withers;
the world languishes and withers;
the highest people of the earth languish.
5
The earth lies defiled
under its inhabitants;
for they have transgressed the laws,
violated the statutes,
broken the everlasting covenant.
6
Therefore a curse devours the earth,
and its inhabitants suffer for their guilt;
therefore the inhabitants of the earth are scorched,
and few men are left.
7
The wine mourns,
the vine languishes,
all the merry-hearted sigh.
8
The mirth of the tambourines is stilled,
the noise of the jubilant has ceased,
the mirth of the lyre is stilled.
9
No more do they drink wine with singing;
strong drink is bitter to those who drink it.
10
The wasted city is broken down;
every house is shut up so that none can enter.
11
There is an outcry in the streets for lack of wine;
all joy has grown dark;
the gladness of the earth is banished.
12
Desolation is left in the city;
the gates are battered into ruins.
13
For thus it shall be in the midst of the earth
among the nations,
as when an olive tree is beaten,
as at the gleaning when the grape harvest is done.
14
They lift up their voices, they sing for joy;
over the majesty of the LORD they shout from the west.
9
24:14
Hebrew from the sea
15
Therefore in the east
10
24:15
Hebrew in the realm of light, or with the fires
give glory to the LORD;
in the coastlands of the sea, give glory to the name of the LORD, the God of Israel.
16
From the ends of the earth we hear songs of praise,
of glory to the Righteous One.
But I say, “I waste away,
I waste away. Woe is me!
For the traitors have betrayed,
with betrayal the traitors have betrayed.”
17
Terror and the pit and the snare
11
24:17
The Hebrew words for terror, pit, and snare sound alike
are upon you, O inhabitant of the earth!
18
He who flees at the sound of the terror
shall fall into the pit,
and he who climbs out of the pit
shall be caught in the snare.
For the windows of heaven are opened,
and the foundations of the earth tremble.
19
The earth is utterly broken,
the earth is split apart,
the earth is violently shaken.
20
The earth staggers like a drunken man;
it sways like a hut;
its transgression lies heavy upon it,
and it falls, and will not rise again.
21
On that day the LORD will punish
the host of heaven, in heaven,
and the kings of the earth, on the earth.
22
They will be gathered together
as prisoners in a pit;
they will be shut up in a prison,
and after many days they will be punished.
23
Then the moon will be confounded
and the sun ashamed,
for the LORD of hosts reigns
on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem,
and his glory will be before his elders.
1
O LORD, you are my God;
I will exalt you; I will praise your name,
for you have done wonderful things,
plans formed of old, faithful and sure.
2
For you have made the city a heap,
the fortified city a ruin;
the foreigners' palace is a city no more;
it will never be rebuilt.
3
Therefore strong peoples will glorify you;
cities of ruthless nations will fear you.
4
For you have been a stronghold to the poor,
a stronghold to the needy in his distress,
a shelter from the storm and a shade from the heat;
for the breath of the ruthless is like a storm against a wall,
5
like heat in a dry place.
You subdue the noise of the foreigners;
as heat by the shade of a cloud,
so the song of the ruthless is put down.
6
On this mountain the LORD of hosts will make for all peoples
a feast of rich food, a feast of well-aged wine,
of rich food full of marrow, of aged wine well refined.
7
And he will swallow up on this mountain
the covering that is cast over all peoples,
the veil that is spread over all nations.
8
He will swallow up death forever;
and the Lord God will wipe away tears from all faces,
and the reproach of his people he will take away from all the earth,
for the LORD has spoken.
9
It will be said on that day,
“Behold, this is our God; we have waited for him, that he might save us.
This is the LORD; we have waited for him;
let us be glad and rejoice in his salvation.”
10
For the hand of the LORD will rest on this mountain,
and Moab shall be trampled down in his place,
as straw is trampled down in a dunghill.
12
25:10
The Hebrew words for dunghill and for the Moabite town Madmen (Jeremiah 48:2) sound alike
11
And he will spread out his hands in the midst of it
as a swimmer spreads his hands out to swim,
but the LORD will lay low his pompous pride together with the skill
13
25:11
Or in spite of the skill
of his hands.
12
And the high fortifications of his walls he will bring down,
lay low, and cast to the ground, to the dust.
1 In that day this song will be sung in the land of Judah:
“We have a strong city;
he sets up salvation
as walls and bulwarks.
2
Open the gates,
that the righteous nation that keeps faith may enter in.
3
You keep him in perfect peace
whose mind is stayed on you,
because he trusts in you.
4
Trust in the LORD forever,
for the LORD God is an everlasting rock.
5
For he has humbled
the inhabitants of the height,
the lofty city.
He lays it low, lays it low to the ground,
casts it to the dust.
6
The foot tramples it,
the feet of the poor,
the steps of the needy.”
7
The path of the righteous is level;
you make level the way of the righteous.
8
In the path of your judgments,
O LORD, we wait for you;
your name and remembrance
are the desire of our soul.
9
My soul yearns for you in the night;
my spirit within me earnestly seeks you.
For when your judgments are in the earth,
the inhabitants of the world learn righteousness.
10
If favor is shown to the wicked,
he does not learn righteousness;
in the land of uprightness he deals corruptly
and does not see the majesty of the LORD.
11
O LORD, your hand is lifted up,
but they do not see it.
Let them see your zeal for your people, and be ashamed.
Let the fire for your adversaries consume them.
12
O LORD, you will ordain peace for us,
for you have indeed done for us all our works.
13
O LORD our God,
other lords besides you have ruled over us,
but your name alone we bring to remembrance.
14
They are dead, they will not live;
they are shades, they will not arise;
to that end you have visited them with destruction
and wiped out all remembrance of them.
15
But you have increased the nation, O LORD,
you have increased the nation; you are glorified;
you have enlarged all the borders of the land.
16
O LORD, in distress they sought you;
they poured out a whispered prayer
when your discipline was upon them.
17
Like a pregnant woman
who writhes and cries out in her pangs
when she is near to giving birth,
so were we because of you, O LORD;
18
we were pregnant, we writhed,
but we have given birth to wind.
We have accomplished no deliverance in the earth,
and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen.
19
Your dead shall live; their bodies shall rise.
You who dwell in the dust, awake and sing for joy!
For your dew is a dew of light,
and the earth will give birth to the dead.
20
Come, my people, enter your chambers,
and shut your doors behind you;
hide yourselves for a little while
until the fury has passed by.
21
For behold, the LORD is coming out from his place
to punish the inhabitants of the earth for their iniquity,
and the earth will disclose the blood shed on it,
and will no more cover its slain.
Isaiah was called to his prophetic ministry “in the year that King Uzziah died” (6:1), around 740 B.C. He lived long enough to record the death of Sennacherib (37:38), in 681. However, most of the book can be dated only in very general terms because few specific dates are given.
The central theme of the book is God himself, who does all things for his own glory (48:11). Isaiah defines everything else by how it relates to God: is it rightly related to him as the center of all reality (45:22–25)? God’s people find strength only as they rest in the promises of their God (30:15). They find refreshment only as they delight themselves in his word (55:1–2). To serve his cause is their worthy devotion (ch. 62), but to rebel against him is endless death (66:24).
Isaiah 1–39 | Isaiah 40–55 | Isaiah 56–66 | |
---|---|---|---|
Date and Setting | The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat | Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile | Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end |
Audience | God’s rebellious people craving worldly security | God’s defeated people under worldly domination | All who hold fast to God’s covenant |
Actions | God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment | God encourages his discouraged people in exile | God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation |
Message | “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) | “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) | “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1) |
1. God is offended by religious practices that come from an empty heart or a careless life (1:10–17; 58:1–12; 66:1–4).
2. God’s true people will someday become a multinational community of worship and peace that will last forever (2:2–4; 56:3–8; 66:18–23). They will be the predominant culture of a new world (14:1–2; 41:8–16; 43:3–7; 60:1–22).
3. God opposes human pride (2:10–17; 13:11; 23:9).
4. The foolish idols that man creates are destined for destruction (2:20–21; 44:9–20; 46:1–7).
5. God’s judgment will reduce Israel to a remnant. From this remnant he will raise up a holy people (1:9; 6:1–12:6; 40:1–2).
6. God sometimes judges people by making them deaf and blind to his saving word (29:9–14).
7. The only hope of the world is in one man. He is the promised Davidic king (7:14; 9:2–7; 11:1–10), the servant of the Lord (42:1–9; 52:13–53:12), the anointed preacher of the gospel (61:1–3), and the victor over all evil (63:1–6).
8. God uses everything, even human sin, for his own glory (44:24–45:13).
9. All people are called to repent of sin and trust in God alone (12:2; 26:3–4; 32:17–18; 50:10; 66:2).
10. Often, when God’s people feel abandoned by him (40:27), they foolishly trust in worldly powers (31:1–3; 39:1–8).
11. God will vindicate his cause with a world-transforming display of his glory (11:10; 40:3–5; 52:10; 59:19).
12. God is guiding all of human history (41:1–4; 44:6–8; 46:8–11).
13. God’s faithfulness and the certainty of his final victory should motivate his people to pray and to be obedient (56:1–2; 62:1–64:12).
14. The wrath of God is to be feared above all else (9:19; 13:9, 13; 30:27; 34:2; 66:15–16).
The key to the house of David was carried by the steward, and it opened every door and gate in the palace. It was probably bronze and was large enough that it had to be worn around the neck (“on his shoulder,” 22:22). For the steward, it was a status symbol.
Isaiah 1–39 | Isaiah 40–55 | Isaiah 56–66 | |
---|---|---|---|
Date and Setting | The eighth century B.C. (700s); the Assyrian threat | Prophecies for the sixth century B.C. (500s); the Babylonian exile | Prophecies about all times and occasions until the end |
Audience | God’s rebellious people craving worldly security | God’s defeated people under worldly domination | All who hold fast to God’s covenant |
Actions | God purifies a remnant of his apostate people through judgment | God encourages his discouraged people in exile | God prepares all of his true people for his promised salvation |
Message | “In returning and rest you shall be saved; . . . But you were unwilling” (30:15) | “the glory of the LORD shall be revealed” (40:5) | “Keep justice, and do righteousness” (56:1) |
Timeline | King of Judah // Event | Prophet to Judah | Prophet to Israel | King of Israel // Event | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
780 B.C. | Jeroboam II (781–753) | ||||||
770 | |||||||
760 | Uzziah | (c. 760) | (c. 760) | ||||
(Azariah) | Amos | Jonah | |||||
(767–740) | |||||||
(c. 755) | |||||||
Hosea | Zechariah (753–752) | ||||||
Shallum (752) | |||||||
750 | Jotham | Menahem (752–742) | |||||
(750–735) | Micah (c. 742) | Isaiah (c. 740) | Pekahiah (742–740) | ||||
740 | Pekah (740–732) | ||||||
Ahaz (735–715) | Hoshea (732–722) | ||||||
730 | |||||||
720 | Fall of Samaria (722) | ||||||
710 | Hezekiah (715–686) | ||||||
700 | |||||||
680 | Manasseh (686–642) | Nahum (c. 660–630) | |||||
660 | Amon (642–640) | ||||||
640 | Josiah (640–609) | Zephaniah (c. 640–609) | |||||
Habakkuk (c. 640–609) | |||||||
620 | (c. 627) | ||||||
600 | Jeremiah | ||||||
Jehoahaz (609) | |||||||
Jehoiakim (609–597) | (c. 605) | ||||||
Jehoiachin (597) | Daniel | ||||||
Zedekiah (597–586) | (c. 597) | ||||||
Ezekiel | |||||||
Fall of Jerusalem (586) | Obadiah | ||||||
(after 586) | |||||||
580 | |||||||
560 | |||||||
540 | |||||||
520 | 1st return of exiles (538) | Haggai (c. 520) | |||||
Temple rebuilt (516/515) | Zechariah (c. 520) | ||||||
500 | |||||||
480 | |||||||
460 | 2nd return of exiles (458) | Malachi (c. 460) | |||||
440 | 3rd return of exiles (445) |
Joel is not displayed as the dates are uncertain and estimates range from the 9th to the 4th centuries B.C.
Micah’s prophecy was likely directed toward both Judah and Israel.
Isaiah | Jeremiah | Ezekiel | Joel | Amos | Obadiah | Jonah | Nahum | Zephaniah | Zechariah* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammon | 49:1–6 | 25:1–7 | 1:13–15 | |||||||
Arabia | 21:13–17 | |||||||||
Assyria (Nineveh) | 10:5–19; 14:24–27 | (Nineveh) | (Nineveh) | |||||||
Babylon | 13:1–14:23; 21:1–10; 46:1–47:15 | 50:1–51:64 | 2:9–12? | |||||||
Damascus | 17:1–6? | 49:23–27 | 1:3–5 | 9:1 | ||||||
Edom | 21:11–12 | 49:7–22 | 25:12–14 | 1:11–12 | 1–14? | |||||
Egypt | 18:1–20:6 | 46:2–26 | 29:1–32:32 | |||||||
Elam | 49:34–39 | |||||||||
Ethiopia | 2:12–15 | |||||||||
Gaza | 1:6–8 | 9:5 | ||||||||
Kedar and Hazor | 49:28–33 | |||||||||
Lebanon | 11:1–3? | |||||||||
Moab | 15:1–16:14 | 48:1–47 | 25:8–11 | 2:1–3 | 2:8–11 | |||||
Philistia | 14:28–32 | 47:1–7 | 25:15–17 | 3:4–8 | 2:5–7 | 9:6 | ||||
Tyre Sidon | 23:1–18 | 26:1–28:19; 28:20–23 | 3:4–8 | 1:9–10 | 9:2–3 |
*Additional cities /states are denounced in 9:1–8: Hadrach, Aram (v. 1); Ashkelon, Ekron (v. 5); Ashdod (v. 6)
Isa. 21:1 the wilderness of the sea. The first oracle (vv. 1–10) concerns Babylon (v. 9), but the cryptic title suggests a place both deserted (wilderness) and flooded (sea), thus doubly hopeless (see Jer. 51:42–43). Babylon represents the condition of the whole world. it comes. The approach of a dreaded message.
Isa. 21:3–4 the twilight I longed for . . . trembling. The prophet longed to see God intervene in the world, but he trembles when he sees the reality of that intervention.
Isa. 21:7, 9 riders. Mounted warriors.
Isa. 21:9 Fallen, fallen is Babylon. The repeated cry emphasizes Babylon’s final and total destruction (see Rev. 14:8; 18:2). Her gods represent the worldview giving Babylon her legitimacy. Thus, the world’s most cherished beliefs are shattered.
Isa. 21:10 my threshed and winnowed one. Probably Judah, dominated by Assyria and abandoned by Babylon.
Isa. 21:11 The designation of Isaiah’s oracle concerning Dumah (Hebrew “silence,” that is, the land of silence; see Ps. 94:17; 115:17) most likely represents a wordplay on the similar-sounding name “Edom.” The mention of Seir confirms Edom as the object of this oracle (see Gen. 32:3). Watchman, what time of the night? An Edomite pleads with the prophet to announce how much longer his nation must endure the darkness of its troubled history. The repetition of his question conveys his desperation.
Isa. 21:11–12 The second oracle of the second series (21:1–23:18) pictures prolonged darkness enveloping a frightened world.
Isa. 21:12 The prophet’s answer is vague: morning is sure to come, with more night as well. But Edom is urged to keep inquiring.
Isa. 21:13–17 The third oracle shows fugitives running from violence.
Isaiah | Jeremiah | Ezekiel | Joel | Amos | Obadiah | Jonah | Nahum | Zephaniah | Zechariah* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammon | 49:1–6 | 25:1–7 | 1:13–15 | |||||||
Arabia | 21:13–17 | |||||||||
Assyria (Nineveh) | 10:5–19; 14:24–27 | (Nineveh) | (Nineveh) | |||||||
Babylon | 13:1–14:23; 21:1–10; 46:1–47:15 | 50:1–51:64 | 2:9–12? | |||||||
Damascus | 17:1–6? | 49:23–27 | 1:3–5 | 9:1 | ||||||
Edom | 21:11–12 | 49:7–22 | 25:12–14 | 1:11–12 | 1–14? | |||||
Egypt | 18:1–20:6 | 46:2–26 | 29:1–32:32 | |||||||
Elam | 49:34–39 | |||||||||
Ethiopia | 2:12–15 | |||||||||
Gaza | 1:6–8 | 9:5 | ||||||||
Kedar and Hazor | 49:28–33 | |||||||||
Lebanon | 11:1–3? | |||||||||
Moab | 15:1–16:14 | 48:1–47 | 25:8–11 | 2:1–3 | 2:8–11 | |||||
Philistia | 14:28–32 | 47:1–7 | 25:15–17 | 3:4–8 | 2:5–7 | 9:6 | ||||
Tyre Sidon | 23:1–18 | 26:1–28:19; 28:20–23 | 3:4–8 | 1:9–10 | 9:2–3 |
*Additional cities /states are denounced in 9:1–8: Hadrach, Aram (v. 1); Ashkelon, Ekron (v. 5); Ashdod (v. 6)
Isa. 22:6 Elam and Kir refer to foreign invaders.
Isa. 22:8b the House of the Forest. The place for storing weapons in Jerusalem (see 1 Kings 7:2–5; 10:17).
Isa. 22:8b–11 These verses show the irony of pursuing military readiness while neglecting the sovereign God who controls the situation.
Isa. 22:12–13 Isaiah contrasts what the Lord God of hosts called for with how his unrepentant people responded (v. 5). joy and gladness. In this case, an empty substitute for true happiness (see 35:10). Let us eat and drink. God’s people are focused on temporary pleasure.
Isa. 22:1–14 The people of Jerusalem are marked by mindless attempts to save themselves from Assyria.
Isa. 22:14 this iniquity. That is, the sin of looking to something other than God for rescue.
Isa. 22:20 my servant. See 20:3; 37:35; 41:8–9; 42:1.
Isa. 22:22 The key symbolizes the steward’s authority to make binding decisions in the interests of the king (see Matt. 16:19).
The key to the house of David was carried by the steward, and it opened every door and gate in the palace. It was probably bronze and was large enough that it had to be worn around the neck (“on his shoulder,” 22:22). For the steward, it was a status symbol.
Isa. 22:1–25 The fourth oracle shows the light of the world, Jerusalem, growing dark.
Isa. 23:7–9 The devastation of the city prompts the deeper question, Who could decree the downfall of so great a human power? The LORD of hosts. See 14:24–27; and note on 1 Sam. 1:3. God will never make peace with human pride.
Isa. 23:11 He has stretched out his hand over the sea in sovereign authority (see Ex. 14:16). Tyre and Sidon were part of what once was Canaan (see Josh. 5:1).
Isa. 23:13 The prophet directs Tyre’s attention to Babylon in the land of the Chaldeans, ruined by the Assyrians. If Babylon is vulnerable, so is Tyre.
Isa. 23:1–14 God humbles Tyre, a successful port on the Phoenician coast and the merchant of the nations (v. 3; see Ezek. 28:1–10).
Isa. 21:1–23:18 Five new oracles reveal God’s ruling and judging the wilderness by the sea (21:1–10), Dumah (21:11–12), Arabia (21:13–17), the valley of vision (22:1–25), and Tyre (23:1–18).
Isa. 23:1–18 The fifth oracle concerns the judgment and redemption of Tyre.
Isa. 23:15–18 The prostitute Tyre will soon be back in business, but will ultimately be redeemed (like other nations, e.g., 19:23–25).
Isa. 23:17–18 The hardened, unfaithful woman, deeply bound to the corruption of wealth, is made holy to the LORD and devoted to his people (v. 18). Deuteronomy 23:18 forbids the wages of a prostitute from being consecrated; the reversal here implies redemption.
Isaiah | Jeremiah | Ezekiel | Joel | Amos | Obadiah | Jonah | Nahum | Zephaniah | Zechariah* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammon | 49:1–6 | 25:1–7 | 1:13–15 | |||||||
Arabia | 21:13–17 | |||||||||
Assyria (Nineveh) | 10:5–19; 14:24–27 | (Nineveh) | (Nineveh) | |||||||
Babylon | 13:1–14:23; 21:1–10; 46:1–47:15 | 50:1–51:64 | 2:9–12? | |||||||
Damascus | 17:1–6? | 49:23–27 | 1:3–5 | 9:1 | ||||||
Edom | 21:11–12 | 49:7–22 | 25:12–14 | 1:11–12 | 1–14? | |||||
Egypt | 18:1–20:6 | 46:2–26 | 29:1–32:32 | |||||||
Elam | 49:34–39 | |||||||||
Ethiopia | 2:12–15 | |||||||||
Gaza | 1:6–8 | 9:5 | ||||||||
Kedar and Hazor | 49:28–33 | |||||||||
Lebanon | 11:1–3? | |||||||||
Moab | 15:1–16:14 | 48:1–47 | 25:8–11 | 2:1–3 | 2:8–11 | |||||
Philistia | 14:28–32 | 47:1–7 | 25:15–17 | 3:4–8 | 2:5–7 | 9:6 | ||||
Tyre Sidon | 23:1–18 | 26:1–28:19; 28:20–23 | 3:4–8 | 1:9–10 | 9:2–3 |
*Additional cities /states are denounced in 9:1–8: Hadrach, Aram (v. 1); Ashkelon, Ekron (v. 5); Ashdod (v. 6)
Isa. 24:1 Behold, the LORD. The first impression conveyed by the vision is the active presence of God. scatter. The same Hebrew word as “dispersed” in the story of Babel (Gen. 11:4, 8, 9). Recalling Babel, Isaiah foresees a final judgment of human independence.
Isa. 24:5 The earth lies defiled . . . for they have transgressed the laws. Human sin pollutes the world (see Num. 35:34). violated the statutes. Judgment comes as the world defies God’s revealed will. the everlasting covenant. Perhaps the covenant given through Noah (Gen. 9:16), which applies to all mankind; or the covenant with the house of David (2 Sam. 23:5; Isa. 55:3), through which all mankind will be blessed.
Isa. 24:10 The wasted city. The city is an important image in this section (see v. 12; 25:2; 26:1–2, 5; 27:10). Isaiah sees world culture as a city because it is a populated place of imagined safety. “Wasted” is translated “without form” in Gen. 1:2. The world city of human civilization, though highly developed, rejects the will of God and thus wastes its own potential.
Isa. 24:14–16 The drunken binge of vv. 7–11 is replaced with the joyful worship of those redeemed from the world.
Isa. 24:16 Woe is me! The prophet laments the betrayal of the world (see 6:5; 21:2–4).
Isa. 24:21 On that day. The focal point toward which God is leading history, mentioned seven times in this section (v. 21; 25:9; 26:1; 27:1, 2, 12, 13).
Isa. 24:23 The moon and sun are outshone by the glory of the LORD of hosts reigning in triumph forever from his city, Jerusalem on Mount Zion. For “LORD of hosts,” see note on 1 Sam. 1:3.
Isa. 25:1 you are my God. Though worldwide in scope, redemption is personal. Wonderful things refers especially to the remarkable acts of God, which bear the marks of his supernatural intervention in the natural world and human events (see 9:6). plans formed of old. Not a last-minute attempt but a long-assured victory (see 14:24–27).
Isa. 25:1–5 Human domination is overthrown by God.
Isa. 25:4–5 stronghold. The redeemed have in God something better than the “fortified city” of man (v. 2).
Isa. 25:6–8 God relieves human sorrow.
Isa. 25:7–8 the covering . . . the veil. The pall of death hanging over all human activity under the curse (see Gen. 3:17–19). God will swallow it up and give back life (see Rev. 1:17–18). At some future time God’s people will no longer experience death but will live forever.
Isa. 25:9 Behold. See 24:1. At last, the reality of a renewed society and a renewed earth anticipated by those who patiently waited (see the expectation in 40:9–11). this is our God. An expression of wholehearted identification with him (see Ex. 29:45–46). we have waited. Salvation is worth the wait, and is even worth the reproach of Isa. 25:8.
Isa. 25:10 dunghill. The alternative to the feast of v. 6.
Isa. 25:9–12 God humbles human pride.
Isa. 26:3 perfect peace. The peace described here is first the corporate peace of the city (v. 1) and the nation (v. 2) that comes from the “hand of the LORD” (25:10). It is also the individual peace of the person whose mind is stayed on God. The source of such peace is the righteous, sovereign, saving God (25:9), who “will swallow up death forever” and “will wipe away” every tear (25:8; see Rev. 21:4), and who alone is worthy of trust.
Isa. 26:4 Trust in the LORD. This is the practical challenge that the book of Isaiah lays down for God’s people (see 12:2; 31:1; 32:17; 50:10).
Isa. 26:8–9 you . . . you . . . you. God himself is the one his people wholeheartedly desire. the inhabitants of the world. Desire for God inspires a longing that all would recognize him.
Isa. 26:10–11 This cry for vindication is the focus of ch. 26.
Isa. 26:12 The future is bright, because salvation belongs to God alone.
Isa. 26:13–15 wiped out all remembrance. Evil is not only defeated, it even fades from memory (see 35:10; 65:17).
Isa. 26:16–18 The nation’s historic pattern of failure (they, v. 16) is continued by the present generation (we, vv. 17–18). Although Israel was called to spread God’s message of deliverance to the world (Gen. 12:1–3; Ex. 19:5–6), they failed, and the world went on as before.
Isa. 26:19 In contrast with the finality of death in v. 14, v. 19 rejoices in a bodily resurrection of all God’s people. The long-standing failure described in vv. 16–18 will be dramatically reversed by God’s power alone.
Isa. 26:20–21 shut your doors. Contrast “open the gates” in v. 2. Isaiah alludes to Gen. 7:16 and perhaps Ex. 12:21–23.
While these prophecies may feel confusing, they become so rich when we have context and seek understanding from the history and outcomes of the events of that time. Descriptions of destruction, corrupted hearts, people groups in ruin, and others exalted for God's glory provide just a glimpse into the lofty message Isaiah had to deliver. We see God's wrath being poured out. You might be wondering why our compassionate, slow-to-anger, and abounding-in-love God would respond in these ways. What I love most about these chapters is that both justice and hope are woven through the words recorded long ago.
There are many places where we could dive deeper in these passages, but, for today, I want to camp out in the character of God and the hope for those who fully trust in him.
Deuteronomy 32:4 says, "The Rock, his work is perfect, for all his ways are justice. A God of faithfulness and without iniquity, just and upright is he." Here, we see characteristics such as perfect, faithful, sinless, and just. He knows the hearts of humanity, and, throughout these chapters in Isaiah, we see the consequences of unrepentant and corrupted hearts. God must deal with those who oppose him, his perfect way, and his people. He cannot and will not let sin and injustice go unpunished. For the nations to which Isaiah is prophesying, wrath and destruction are headed their way—it's inevitable. The same is true for those in the past, present, and future who refuse to accept God's grace.
God displayed the characteristic of grace through Jesus. His just wrath poured out, not on a dead Man, but on a Man who, days later, defeated the grave. With sin fully dealt with, we are given peace for our future. We can see how God made provision for our salvation. Isaiah 26:12 and John 19:30 both point us to his work of redemption. Our Lord is full of love, justice, and forgiveness.
This month's memory verse
"But he was pierced for our transgressions; he was crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the chastisement that brought us peace, and with his wounds we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned—every one—to his own way; and the Lord has laid on him the iniquity of us all.”
1. The gospel of Jesus is something that Christians—especially after following Christ for a while—tend to forget its weightiness and awe. Is this true of you? If so, take some time and ask the Lord to renew your heart and mind toward his perfect provision that he makes available for you out of his desire to spend eternity with you.
2. Isaiah 26:3-4 (CSB) says, "You will keep the mind that is dependent on you in perfect peace, for it is trusting in you. Trust in the LORD forever, because in the LORD, the LORD himself, is an everlasting rock!" What do you think it looks like to live in light of eternity here on earth? When others are around you, do they see the peace that comes from trusting the Lord?
3. It's been over 2,000 years since Jesus ascended to heaven. Scripture makes it clear that he will come back again. While we wait for that day, we have a commission from the Lord. May we eagerly shout from the rooftops the redemption Christ makes available! Whom can you share this good news with today?